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Literature detail

Compartmentalized cytokine networks and systemic immune remodelling in bovine mammary H5N1 infection.

Gagandeep Singh1 Konner Cool1 Shristi Ghimire1 Jessie D Trujillo1 Igor Morozov1 Natasha N Gaudrault1 Huibin Lv2,3 Kaijun Jiang4,5 Yonghai Li1 Bumduuren Tuvshintulga1 Chester D McDowell1 Adolfo Garcia-Sastre4,5,6,7,8,9 Nicholas C Wu2,3,10,11 Juergen A Richt1
Affiliations 11 institutions
  1. Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology (DMP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
  3. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
  4. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  5. Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  6. Global Health & Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  7. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  8. The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  9. Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
  10. Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
  11. Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
PMID 42249592 2026 Emerg Microbes Infect eng aheadofprint
PubMed DOI Browse context

Article

Publication summary

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 has recently expanded its mammalian host range; in 2024, genotype B3.13 emerged in U.S. dairy cattle with pronounced mammary tropism. In the past, Influenza A virus immunology has been characterized primarily in respiratory infection models, whereas this study delineates immune responses after intramammary infection. An intramammary H5N1 challenge in Jersey cows in the early dry-off period enabled integration of dose- and compartment-resolved (alveoli versus teat cistern) cytokine and chemokine profiles with peripheral leukocyte dynamics and H5/N1-specific antibody responses. Infection-induced quarter-restricted, monophasic inflammatory networks peaking at 3-7 days post-infection, coordinated peripheral myeloid expansion and IFN-γ-competent lymphocyte activation, and rising antibody titres across quarters.

bovine mammary gland compartment-specific immunity dairy cattle H5N1 humoral responses Influenza A virus intramammary infection peripheral leukocyte dynamics

Structured evidence records

Evidence records

1 total
Host Range Experiment 1 records
Host Range Experiment Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Experimental intramammary infection of Jersey cows with H5N1 genotype B3.13 demonstrated that this avian influenza strain can infect bovine mammary tissue and induce distinct immune responses.

Virus
Not specified
Location
United States
Supporting text

In 2024, genotype B3.13 emerged in U.S. dairy cattle with pronounced mammary tropism. ... An intramammary H5N1 challenge in Jersey cows in the early dry-off period enabled integration of dose- and compartment-resolved cytokine and chemokine profiles with peripheral leukocyte dynamics and H5/N1-specific antibody responses.

Method
intramammary challenge | cytokine profiling | antibody measurement
Sample type
mammary gland | alveoli | teat cistern | peripheral leukocytes | blood
Study design
animal experiment
Transmission direction
host-range experiment
Event type
experimental intramammary infection
Geographic raw
U.S.
Country inferred
USA
Host factors
cytokines | chemokines | IFN-γ-competent lymphocytes
Mechanism types
immune response modulation