Recent evidence findings
Synthesizing linked evidence and source literature...
Generating an evidence-grounded brief with GPT-5... AI-assisted synthesis grounded in linked OVE records and source literature. Verify details against the cited evidence.
44 source articles
21 hosts
12 countries
| Publication date | Category / type | Key finding | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-08-10 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5TX Q226L binds human-type receptors but requires additional mutations to bind human tracheal tissue in tissue-based assays. | 42573239 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA phylogeny assigns the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates to the G5.3.2 (formerly B2) sub-lineage within the G1 Eurasian lineage. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Five H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were obtained from poultry in Pakistan between January and March 2023. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | All eight gene segments of the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates are closely related to prior Pakistani strains with no recent reassortment, consistent with localized persistence and drift. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | G1-lineage H9N2 isolates from Pakistan bind both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, with stronger affinity for α2,6. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carried several mammalian-adaptive mutations in internal genes, indicating potential cross-species transmission risk. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-03 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | During the 2023 HPAI H5N1 outbreak in Chubut, Argentina, 3 South American sea lions and 1 southern elephant seal stranded and were investigated, with HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b confirmed by PCR and sequencing. | 42548173 |
| 2026-08-03 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAI virus was detected within fetal tissues associated with necrotizing placentitis in a sea lion. | 42548173 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | In H7N9 virus, the PA-X I94V mutation enhances viral polymerase activity and replication in mammalian cells. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | The PA/PA-X I94V mutation increases pathogenicity and viral fitness of H7N9 influenza A virus in mice. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Shandong poultry H9N2 isolates are reassortants combining G1-like (PB2, M), SH/F98-like (PB1, PA, NP, NS), and Y280-like (HA, NA) lineage segments. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H5N8 viruses from Egyptian waterfowl shifted from genotype G1 (2018 duck strains) to genotype G4 in 2022 due to segment reassortment across the 8 gene segments. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H5N8 strains from 2022 possessed internal gene markers associated with mammalian adaptation, including PB2 504V, PA 127V and 672L, and PB1 133G. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | RT-qPCR detected H5N8 HPAI in 13 duck flocks and 11 geese flocks among 30 symptomatic waterfowl flocks; sampling was from Menoufia governorate, Egypt in 2022. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Recent sequence analysis shows high variation at PA/PA-X site 94 in H5N1 and H7N9, with the PA-X I94V mutation becoming prevalent in recent human H7N9 viruses. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The PA-X I94V mutation in H7N9 modulates PA-X–mediated host shutoff, inhibiting antiviral and cell death–related responses. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | The PA/PA-X I94V mutation attenuates virulence of H7N9 influenza A virus in chickens. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Three poultry-derived H9N2 isolates replicated efficiently in mouse lungs without causing mortality, with CK/SD/TA1016/22 showing higher replication and more severe lung lesions. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carried human-adapted HA receptor-binding mutations and mammalian-adaptation mutations in polymerase and other genes, indicating enhanced mammalian adaptation potential. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Eight H9N2 avian influenza virus strains were successfully isolated from RT‑qPCR–positive chicken samples in Shandong Province, China. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In PA-X–deficient H7N9 virus, adding the PA I94V mutation has no obvious effect on viral fitness in mice and chickens, implicating PA-X I94V in virulence modulation. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Brain-derived H5N8 isolates carried HA substitutions F244L, I248S, and K234R relative to tracheal isolates, suggesting adaptation linked to neurotropism. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | RT-qPCR detected H9N2 avian influenza virus in diseased chickens in Shandong Province during 2021–2023, with 10 positives out of 192 samples. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA phylogeny shows 2022 Egyptian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b isolates cluster with Russian and European-like strains, with mutations linked to antigenic drift and adaptation. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis of poultry-derived H9N2 isolates from Shandong showed a multi-lineage genome composition with PB2 and M from G1-like, PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like, and HA/NA from Y280-like lineages, indicating reassortment. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Patient-derived H5N1 HA mutations E190D and Q226H abolish receptor binding and thus hinder molecular adaptation toward human-type receptor specificity. | 42139887 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | H5N8 HPAI viruses were isolated from waterfowl in Egypt, yielding brain-derived and tracheal isolates. | 41498130 |
| 2026-07-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Seven H6N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from wild bird fecal samples in Mongolia during 2022–2024. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 viruses from Mongolia and the Republic of Korea show strong phylogeographic connectivity within the Northeast Asian lineage (Bayes factor > 100). | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | H6N1 viruses were isolated from fecal samples of wild birds and domestic ducks in the Republic of Korea between September 2023 and April 2024. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H6N1 viruses show HA–NA co-adaptation consistent with a functional balance between HA receptor binding and NA enzymatic activity. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 HA and NA genes from Mongolia and the Republic of Korea cluster in the Northeast Asian lineage and diverged into two regional subclades around 2016–2017 with ladder-like, geographically structured phylogenies. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 surface gene evolution is driven mainly by antigenic drift with restricted regional intra- and inter-clade reassortment, indicating HA–NA co-adaptation. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-28 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Neutralizing antibodies to H5N1 were detected in 3 of 12 domestic cats sampled within 2 km of dairy farms in California, USA. | 42520787 |
| 2026-07-28 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Among domestic cats in California, proximity to dairy farms was a significant ecological risk factor associated with H5N1 seropositivity. | 42520787 |
| 2026-07-26 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | Emerging H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b binds human MHC-II HLA-DR and can mediate sialic acid–independent cell entry, unlike historical H5 lineages. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-26 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin binds human MHC-II (HLA-DR) and enables sialic acid–independent entry, with binding to primary human immune cells varying by MHC-II expression and HLA-DR allele. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-26 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b is reported as causing a multi-species outbreak affecting wild birds, poultry, multiple mammalian species, and humans. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H3N3 isolates were reassortants with HA from the novel H3N8 AIV lineage, NA from H10N3 AIV, and internal genes from H9N2 AIV. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | An H3N8 isolate was a triple-reassortant with Eurasian avian H3, North American avian N8, and H9N2-derived internal genes. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | HI assays showed no cross-reactivity between the novel H3 avian influenza viruses and H5, H7, or H9 avian influenza viruses. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | A representative H3N8 avian influenza virus infected BALB/c mice without prior adaptation, replicating mainly in the upper respiratory tract with limited extrapulmonary dissemination. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H3 avian influenza isolates harbored PB2 L89V, PB2 I292V, and PB1 H436Y substitutions previously linked to enhanced mammalian adaptation. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | One H3N8 and ten H3N3 avian influenza viruses were isolated from poultry samples in China. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis indicated the H3N3 isolates are reassortants with HA derived from the novel H3N8 lineage, NA from H10N3, and internal genes from H9N2. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic whole‑genome analysis showed the H3N8 isolate is a triple‑reassortant with a Eurasian avian H3 gene, a North American avian N8 gene, and H9N2‑derived internal genes. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-21 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAI H5N1 viral RNA was detected in organ samples from domestic and wild birds in Romania (2017–2024) using real-time RT-PCR, with subsequent sequencing of PB1 and PB2 fragments. | 42515095 |
| 2026-07-21 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Romanian H5N1 isolates cluster within Eurasian H5N1 lineages and are closely related to contemporary strains from Eastern Europe and Russia. | 42515095 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Intramammary exposure to bovine-derived H5N1 causes productive infection in lactating sows despite prior vaccination. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Intramammary inoculation with influenza A(H5N1) in lactating sows caused mammary lesions and antigen-positive tissue with sustained viral RNA in milk but no overt clinical disease or respiratory involvement. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Viral RNA from influenza A(H5N1) was detected and shed persistently in the milk of intramammarily inoculated lactating sows. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | In experimentally inoculated lactating sows, neutralizing antibody responses against influenza A(H5N1) developed, indicating immune exposure. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | Piglets co-housed with intramammary-inoculated lactating sows showed sporadic oral viral RNA positivity that mirrored milk viral kinetics, indicating limited vertical transmission to piglets. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-17 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | Ailong virus uses human ephrin B2 (EFNB2) and ephrin B3 (EFNB3) as functional receptors. | 42467734 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Avian influenza viruses were consistently detected from wild birds via annual sampling around Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska since 2011. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were detected in the Pacific Flyway of North America in 2014 and 2022. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In human bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses induced moderate type I interferon and proinflammatory responses, lower than A(H1N1)pdm09 and H5N1 clade 1. | 42466872 |
| 2026-07-17 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Reassortment between HPAIVs and LPAIVs produced novel HPAIV genotypes and one LPAIV carrying an HPAIV gene segment in southwestern Alaska. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | During 14 years of AIV surveillance in southwestern Alaska, detected virus prevalence peaked during periods of HPAIV introduction. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Avian influenza viruses were consistently detected in wild birds in southwestern Alaska, with frequent intercontinental viral dispersal observed among this host population. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Following 2022 introductions of HPAIVs, the proportion of Eurasian-lineage gene segments in avian influenza viruses from wild birds in southwestern Alaska increased. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-13 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | The H9N2 isolate HL55 infected BALB/c mice without prior adaptation, causing transient upper respiratory tract replication, ~9.2% weight loss, mild disease, and no mortality or systemic dissemination. | 42515623 |
| 2026-07-13 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H9N2 isolate HL55 directly infected BALB/c mice without prior adaptation, with transient upper respiratory tract replication and mild disease. | 42515623 |
| 2026-07-13 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H9N2 isolates possess a reassortant mosaic genome with HA from BJ/94-like, PB1/NP/NS from F98-like, NA from FJ/30-C-like, and PB2/M from G1-like lineages. | 42515623 |
| 2026-07-13 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | H9N2 isolates HL55 and HL56 bind both avian α2-3 and human α2-6 sialic acid receptors, whereas HL45 binds only avian α2-3. | 42515623 |
| 2026-07-13 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Three H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were recovered from apparently healthy poultry in a Changchun live poultry market in 2022. | 42515623 |
| 2026-07-13 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carry mammalian-adaptation markers PB2 A588V, NA stalk deletion, and HA position 226 leucine, features linked to enhanced zoonotic adaptation including receptor binding and mammalian infectivity. | 42515623 |
| 2026-07-13 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Bayesian molecular clock analysis dated the H9N2 isolates’ MRCA to February 2022, with HL55 and HL56 diverging by May 2022, indicating rapid local evolution. | 42515623 |
| 2026-07-12 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | H5N1 infections were reported in wild birds across South America, with detections spanning 104 species in 10 of 11 reporting countries/territories. | 42515616 |
| 2026-07-12 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | H5N1 outbreaks were detected in marine mammals in South America, with South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) the most reported species. | 42515616 |
| 2026-07-12 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | Over 6 million domestic birds were lost in South America during H5N1 HPAI outbreaks, mostly from commercial operations. | 42515616 |
| 2026-07-12 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | H5N1 HPAI detections expanded into Antarctica in 2024, affecting Antarctic bird species. | 42515616 |
| 2026-07-12 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic and time-calibrated genomic analyses of H5N1 in the Southern Hemisphere indicate multiple introductions with regional diversification and signals of repeated cross-species spillover. | 42515616 |
| 2026-07-11 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Influenza A virus was successfully isolated 42 times from cloacal swabs of wild birds in the Lake Baikal basin, spanning 12 HA/NA subtype combinations. | 42515613 |
| 2026-07-11 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Maximum-likelihood phylogenies of HA and NA place all Lake Baikal influenza A virus isolates in the Eurasian lineage but dispersed across multiple clades, indicating diverse evolutionary origins. | 42515613 |
| 2026-07-11 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Phylogenetic patterns from wild waterfowl in the Lake Baikal basin indicate Buryatia acts as a mixing zone for genetically diverse influenza A virus populations. | 42515613 |
| 2026-07-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAI H5N1 was identified in a Wisconsin dairy herd in December 2025 through the National Milk Testing Strategy. | 42429628 |
| 2026-07-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Infectious HPAI H5N1 virus (WI5743-H5N1) was recovered following blind passage in embryonated chicken eggs. | 42429628 |
| 2026-07-08 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 replicates with high fitness in cattle mammary organoids, indicating strong mammary tropism. | 42420291 |
| 2026-07-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Human sera contain N1 antibodies that cross-neutralize clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 and ancestral H5N1-VN1194 in an organoid-based neutralization assay. | 42420291 |
| 2026-07-08 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 replicates robustly in cattle airway organoids. | 42420291 |
| 2026-07-08 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Human airway and nasal organoids are highly susceptible to clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1. | 42420291 |
| 2026-07-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Cross-neutralizing activity in human sera is enhanced after seasonal influenza vaccination in the organoid-based assay. | 42420291 |
| 2026-07-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Depletion of N1-specific antibodies from human sera diminishes cross-neutralization against H5N1 in the organoid-based assay. | 42420291 |
| 2026-07-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Whole-genome phylogenetics assigned wild-bird H5 AIV isolates from East China to clades 2.3.2.1 and 2.3.4.4 across subtypes H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8. | 42450817 |
| 2026-07-07 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | H5 avian influenza viruses (including H5N1, H5N6, and H5N8) were isolated from wild birds in East China during 2013–2022. | 42450817 |
| 2026-07-06 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Bovine H5N1 (HPAI 2.3.4.4b genotype B3.13) replicates efficiently in porcine mammary gland and respiratory tract cells. | 42405777 |
| 2026-07-06 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Influenza A viruses bind to porcine mammary gland tissues with variable affinities. | 42405777 |
| 2026-07-06 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | Porcine mammary gland tissue displays both SA-α2,3 and SA-α2,6 sialic acid receptors relevant to influenza A virus entry. | 42405777 |
| 2026-07-03 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Owned and feral cats in the Philadelphia area show minimal evidence of routine exposure to clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 but more common exposure to SARS-CoV-2. | 42427631 |
| 2026-07-03 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Among owned and feral cats in the greater Philadelphia area, 0.16% were seropositive for H5 antibodies confirmed by neutralization. | 42427631 |
| 2026-07-02 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Influenza A viruses from diverse host species productively infected bovine mammary gland organoids. | 42390302 |
| 2026-07-02 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Naturally infected cattle shed HPAIV H5N1 extensively in milk, indicating the bovine mammary gland as a site of viral replication relevant to circulation in dairy herds. | 42390302 |
| 2026-07-02 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Low pathogenic avian H9N2 exhibited restricted replication in bovine mammary gland organoids. | 42390302 |
| 2026-07-02 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Mammalian-origin H1N1 strains replicated in bovine mammary gland organoids with efficiency comparable to bovine H5N1. | 42390302 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | NS1-A53D enhances HA stability while maintaining receptor binding specificity, compensating for reduced receptor-binding affinity caused by HA mutations in H1N1 canine influenza virus. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Seasonal influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV productively replicated and infected human bronchial tissues in an ex vivo model. | 42397692 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Adaptive mutations NS1-A53D and NEP-R42K synergistically enhance replication of H1N1 canine influenza virus by promoting vRNP nuclear export and increasing polymerase activity. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Cooperative interactions among HA and NS gene mutations NS1-A53D and NEP-R42K drive mammalian adaptation and pathogenicity of H1N1 canine influenza virus through enhanced HA stability and vRNP export. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | In D1.1 genotype H5N1 viruses, the HA-Q226H substitution impairs binding to both sialic acid α2,3 and α2,6 receptors. | 42498495 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Synergy between HA mutations N198D and A227E and NS1-A53D enhances early viral entry of H1N1 canine influenza virus through improved attachment and internalization. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | In D1.1 genotype H5N1 viruses, the HA-E190D substitution marginally reduces affinity for sialic acid α2,3 receptors. | 42498495 |
| 2026-07 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Tracheal aspirate sequencing from a 2024 human HPAI H5N1 case in British Columbia detected mixed HA-190D (28%) and HA-226H (35%) variant populations. | 42498495 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In an in vitro human alveolar model, HPAI H5N1, H7N9, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV caused more severe impairment of alveolar fluid clearance than seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B viruses. | 42397692 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Wild bird surveillance isolates H5N3 and H7N1 showed minimal replication in human bronchial tissues compared with pandemic H1N1 and HPAI H5N1 in the ex vivo model. | 42397692 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5N6 and H9N2 displayed differential lung replication and tissue tropism in human respiratory explants. | 42397692 |
| 2026-06-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Influenza A(H9N2) was detected exclusively in poultry in Ghana with a prevalence of 5.67%. | 42515577 |
| 2026-06-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis placed Ghanaian A(H9N2) strains in clade G1. | 42515577 |
| 2026-06-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | One animal handler in Ghana tested positive for influenza A(H3N2). | 42515577 |
| 2026-06-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Live bird markets in Ghana had significantly higher odds of A(H9N2) detection than commercial farms, while backyard farms had lower odds. | 42515577 |
| 2026-06-30 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Ghanaian A(H9N2) strains belonged to clade G1 and carried mammalian-adaptive markers. | 42515577 |
| 2026-06-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | The Northern belt of Ghana recorded the highest prevalence of A(H9N2) detections in poultry. | 42515577 |
| 2026-06-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Environmental samples in Ghana tested negative for A(H9N2). | 42515577 |
| 2026-06-27 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | An H3N2 swine influenza virus, designated A/swine/Shandong/116/2022 (H3N2), was successfully isolated from a positive pig sample using 10-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs. | 42365259 |
| 2026-06-08 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | An outbreak of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype euBB in 2023 caused extensive mortality among black-headed gulls and spilled over into common terns in Germany. | 41984907 |
| 2026-06-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | The high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype euBB originated in France in 2022 through reassortment between a gull-adapted low-pathogenicity influenza virus and HPAIV H5N1. | 41984907 |
| 2026-06-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogeographic analyses showed that high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype euBB underwent multiple independent incursions into Germany in 2023. | 41984907 |
| 2026-06-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Rising H5-seroprevalence was observed in common terns, indicating increased antibody-based immunity to HPAIV H5N1 genotype euBB. | 41984907 |
| 2026-06-08 | Transmission Evidence Cross-species Transmission | High pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype euBB spilled over from black-headed gulls into common terns during breeding colony outbreaks in Germany in 2023. | 41984907 |
| 2026-06-03 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Mouse inoculation experiments demonstrated that the swine-origin A(H1N2) virus strain (A) caused marked clinical signs and mortality, while the turkey-adapted strain (B) and swine reference strain (C) produced weaker responses. | 42237404 |
Synthesizing linked evidence and source literature...
Generating an evidence-grounded brief with GPT-5... AI-assisted synthesis grounded in linked OVE records and source literature. Verify details against the cited evidence.
19 source articles
12 hosts
6 countries
| Publication date | Category / type | Key finding | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-08-10 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5TX Q226L binds human-type receptors but requires additional mutations to bind human tracheal tissue in tissue-based assays. | 42573239 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA phylogeny assigns the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates to the G5.3.2 (formerly B2) sub-lineage within the G1 Eurasian lineage. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Five H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were obtained from poultry in Pakistan between January and March 2023. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | All eight gene segments of the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates are closely related to prior Pakistani strains with no recent reassortment, consistent with localized persistence and drift. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | G1-lineage H9N2 isolates from Pakistan bind both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, with stronger affinity for α2,6. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carried several mammalian-adaptive mutations in internal genes, indicating potential cross-species transmission risk. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-03 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | During the 2023 HPAI H5N1 outbreak in Chubut, Argentina, 3 South American sea lions and 1 southern elephant seal stranded and were investigated, with HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b confirmed by PCR and sequencing. | 42548173 |
| 2026-08-03 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAI virus was detected within fetal tissues associated with necrotizing placentitis in a sea lion. | 42548173 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | In H7N9 virus, the PA-X I94V mutation enhances viral polymerase activity and replication in mammalian cells. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | The PA/PA-X I94V mutation increases pathogenicity and viral fitness of H7N9 influenza A virus in mice. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Shandong poultry H9N2 isolates are reassortants combining G1-like (PB2, M), SH/F98-like (PB1, PA, NP, NS), and Y280-like (HA, NA) lineage segments. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H5N8 viruses from Egyptian waterfowl shifted from genotype G1 (2018 duck strains) to genotype G4 in 2022 due to segment reassortment across the 8 gene segments. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H5N8 strains from 2022 possessed internal gene markers associated with mammalian adaptation, including PB2 504V, PA 127V and 672L, and PB1 133G. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | RT-qPCR detected H5N8 HPAI in 13 duck flocks and 11 geese flocks among 30 symptomatic waterfowl flocks; sampling was from Menoufia governorate, Egypt in 2022. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Recent sequence analysis shows high variation at PA/PA-X site 94 in H5N1 and H7N9, with the PA-X I94V mutation becoming prevalent in recent human H7N9 viruses. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The PA-X I94V mutation in H7N9 modulates PA-X–mediated host shutoff, inhibiting antiviral and cell death–related responses. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | The PA/PA-X I94V mutation attenuates virulence of H7N9 influenza A virus in chickens. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Three poultry-derived H9N2 isolates replicated efficiently in mouse lungs without causing mortality, with CK/SD/TA1016/22 showing higher replication and more severe lung lesions. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carried human-adapted HA receptor-binding mutations and mammalian-adaptation mutations in polymerase and other genes, indicating enhanced mammalian adaptation potential. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Eight H9N2 avian influenza virus strains were successfully isolated from RT‑qPCR–positive chicken samples in Shandong Province, China. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In PA-X–deficient H7N9 virus, adding the PA I94V mutation has no obvious effect on viral fitness in mice and chickens, implicating PA-X I94V in virulence modulation. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Brain-derived H5N8 isolates carried HA substitutions F244L, I248S, and K234R relative to tracheal isolates, suggesting adaptation linked to neurotropism. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | RT-qPCR detected H9N2 avian influenza virus in diseased chickens in Shandong Province during 2021–2023, with 10 positives out of 192 samples. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA phylogeny shows 2022 Egyptian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b isolates cluster with Russian and European-like strains, with mutations linked to antigenic drift and adaptation. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis of poultry-derived H9N2 isolates from Shandong showed a multi-lineage genome composition with PB2 and M from G1-like, PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like, and HA/NA from Y280-like lineages, indicating reassortment. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Patient-derived H5N1 HA mutations E190D and Q226H abolish receptor binding and thus hinder molecular adaptation toward human-type receptor specificity. | 42139887 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | H5N8 HPAI viruses were isolated from waterfowl in Egypt, yielding brain-derived and tracheal isolates. | 41498130 |
| 2026-07-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Seven H6N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from wild bird fecal samples in Mongolia during 2022–2024. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 viruses from Mongolia and the Republic of Korea show strong phylogeographic connectivity within the Northeast Asian lineage (Bayes factor > 100). | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | H6N1 viruses were isolated from fecal samples of wild birds and domestic ducks in the Republic of Korea between September 2023 and April 2024. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H6N1 viruses show HA–NA co-adaptation consistent with a functional balance between HA receptor binding and NA enzymatic activity. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 HA and NA genes from Mongolia and the Republic of Korea cluster in the Northeast Asian lineage and diverged into two regional subclades around 2016–2017 with ladder-like, geographically structured phylogenies. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 surface gene evolution is driven mainly by antigenic drift with restricted regional intra- and inter-clade reassortment, indicating HA–NA co-adaptation. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-28 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Neutralizing antibodies to H5N1 were detected in 3 of 12 domestic cats sampled within 2 km of dairy farms in California, USA. | 42520787 |
| 2026-07-28 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Among domestic cats in California, proximity to dairy farms was a significant ecological risk factor associated with H5N1 seropositivity. | 42520787 |
| 2026-07-26 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | Emerging H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b binds human MHC-II HLA-DR and can mediate sialic acid–independent cell entry, unlike historical H5 lineages. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-26 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin binds human MHC-II (HLA-DR) and enables sialic acid–independent entry, with binding to primary human immune cells varying by MHC-II expression and HLA-DR allele. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-26 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b is reported as causing a multi-species outbreak affecting wild birds, poultry, multiple mammalian species, and humans. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H3N3 isolates were reassortants with HA from the novel H3N8 AIV lineage, NA from H10N3 AIV, and internal genes from H9N2 AIV. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | An H3N8 isolate was a triple-reassortant with Eurasian avian H3, North American avian N8, and H9N2-derived internal genes. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | HI assays showed no cross-reactivity between the novel H3 avian influenza viruses and H5, H7, or H9 avian influenza viruses. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | A representative H3N8 avian influenza virus infected BALB/c mice without prior adaptation, replicating mainly in the upper respiratory tract with limited extrapulmonary dissemination. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H3 avian influenza isolates harbored PB2 L89V, PB2 I292V, and PB1 H436Y substitutions previously linked to enhanced mammalian adaptation. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | One H3N8 and ten H3N3 avian influenza viruses were isolated from poultry samples in China. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis indicated the H3N3 isolates are reassortants with HA derived from the novel H3N8 lineage, NA from H10N3, and internal genes from H9N2. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic whole‑genome analysis showed the H3N8 isolate is a triple‑reassortant with a Eurasian avian H3 gene, a North American avian N8 gene, and H9N2‑derived internal genes. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-21 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAI H5N1 viral RNA was detected in organ samples from domestic and wild birds in Romania (2017–2024) using real-time RT-PCR, with subsequent sequencing of PB1 and PB2 fragments. | 42515095 |
| 2026-07-21 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Romanian H5N1 isolates cluster within Eurasian H5N1 lineages and are closely related to contemporary strains from Eastern Europe and Russia. | 42515095 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Intramammary exposure to bovine-derived H5N1 causes productive infection in lactating sows despite prior vaccination. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Intramammary inoculation with influenza A(H5N1) in lactating sows caused mammary lesions and antigen-positive tissue with sustained viral RNA in milk but no overt clinical disease or respiratory involvement. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Viral RNA from influenza A(H5N1) was detected and shed persistently in the milk of intramammarily inoculated lactating sows. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | In experimentally inoculated lactating sows, neutralizing antibody responses against influenza A(H5N1) developed, indicating immune exposure. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | Piglets co-housed with intramammary-inoculated lactating sows showed sporadic oral viral RNA positivity that mirrored milk viral kinetics, indicating limited vertical transmission to piglets. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-17 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | Ailong virus uses human ephrin B2 (EFNB2) and ephrin B3 (EFNB3) as functional receptors. | 42467734 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Avian influenza viruses were consistently detected from wild birds via annual sampling around Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska since 2011. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were detected in the Pacific Flyway of North America in 2014 and 2022. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In human bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses induced moderate type I interferon and proinflammatory responses, lower than A(H1N1)pdm09 and H5N1 clade 1. | 42466872 |
| 2026-07-17 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Reassortment between HPAIVs and LPAIVs produced novel HPAIV genotypes and one LPAIV carrying an HPAIV gene segment in southwestern Alaska. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | During 14 years of AIV surveillance in southwestern Alaska, detected virus prevalence peaked during periods of HPAIV introduction. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Avian influenza viruses were consistently detected in wild birds in southwestern Alaska, with frequent intercontinental viral dispersal observed among this host population. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Following 2022 introductions of HPAIVs, the proportion of Eurasian-lineage gene segments in avian influenza viruses from wild birds in southwestern Alaska increased. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | NS1-A53D enhances HA stability while maintaining receptor binding specificity, compensating for reduced receptor-binding affinity caused by HA mutations in H1N1 canine influenza virus. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Seasonal influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV productively replicated and infected human bronchial tissues in an ex vivo model. | 42397692 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Adaptive mutations NS1-A53D and NEP-R42K synergistically enhance replication of H1N1 canine influenza virus by promoting vRNP nuclear export and increasing polymerase activity. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Cooperative interactions among HA and NS gene mutations NS1-A53D and NEP-R42K drive mammalian adaptation and pathogenicity of H1N1 canine influenza virus through enhanced HA stability and vRNP export. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | In D1.1 genotype H5N1 viruses, the HA-Q226H substitution impairs binding to both sialic acid α2,3 and α2,6 receptors. | 42498495 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Synergy between HA mutations N198D and A227E and NS1-A53D enhances early viral entry of H1N1 canine influenza virus through improved attachment and internalization. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | In D1.1 genotype H5N1 viruses, the HA-E190D substitution marginally reduces affinity for sialic acid α2,3 receptors. | 42498495 |
| 2026-07 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Tracheal aspirate sequencing from a 2024 human HPAI H5N1 case in British Columbia detected mixed HA-190D (28%) and HA-226H (35%) variant populations. | 42498495 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In an in vitro human alveolar model, HPAI H5N1, H7N9, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV caused more severe impairment of alveolar fluid clearance than seasonal H1N1, H3N2, and influenza B viruses. | 42397692 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Wild bird surveillance isolates H5N3 and H7N1 showed minimal replication in human bronchial tissues compared with pandemic H1N1 and HPAI H5N1 in the ex vivo model. | 42397692 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5N6 and H9N2 displayed differential lung replication and tissue tropism in human respiratory explants. | 42397692 |
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| Publication date | Category / type | Key finding | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-08-10 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5TX Q226L binds human-type receptors but requires additional mutations to bind human tracheal tissue in tissue-based assays. | 42573239 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA phylogeny assigns the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates to the G5.3.2 (formerly B2) sub-lineage within the G1 Eurasian lineage. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Five H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were obtained from poultry in Pakistan between January and March 2023. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | All eight gene segments of the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates are closely related to prior Pakistani strains with no recent reassortment, consistent with localized persistence and drift. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | G1-lineage H9N2 isolates from Pakistan bind both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, with stronger affinity for α2,6. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carried several mammalian-adaptive mutations in internal genes, indicating potential cross-species transmission risk. | 42566313 |