Virus entity

Influenza A virus H9N2

ScopeCurated virus entity IAV H9N2

Recent evidence findings

Evidence-grounded Research Brief · Past 3 months 29

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8 source articles 5 hosts 2 countries
Publication date Category / type Key finding PMID
2026-08-07 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution HA phylogeny assigns the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates to the G5.3.2 (formerly B2) sub-lineage within the G1 Eurasian lineage. 42566313
2026-08-07 Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation Five H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were obtained from poultry in Pakistan between January and March 2023. 42566313
2026-08-07 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution All eight gene segments of the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates are closely related to prior Pakistani strains with no recent reassortment, consistent with localized persistence and drift. 42566313
2026-08-07 Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage G1-lineage H9N2 isolates from Pakistan bind both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, with stronger affinity for α2,6. 42566313
2026-08-07 Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation H9N2 isolates carried several mammalian-adaptive mutations in internal genes, indicating potential cross-species transmission risk. 42566313
2026-08 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment Shandong poultry H9N2 isolates are reassortants combining G1-like (PB2, M), SH/F98-like (PB1, PA, NP, NS), and Y280-like (HA, NA) lineage segments. 42184734
2026-08 Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment Three poultry-derived H9N2 isolates replicated efficiently in mouse lungs without causing mortality, with CK/SD/TA1016/22 showing higher replication and more severe lung lesions. 42184734
2026-08 Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation H9N2 isolates carried human-adapted HA receptor-binding mutations and mammalian-adaptation mutations in polymerase and other genes, indicating enhanced mammalian adaptation potential. 42184734
2026-08 Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation Eight H9N2 avian influenza virus strains were successfully isolated from RT‑qPCR–positive chicken samples in Shandong Province, China. 42184734
2026-08 Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection RT-qPCR detected H9N2 avian influenza virus in diseased chickens in Shandong Province during 2021–2023, with 10 positives out of 192 samples. 42184734
2026-08 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution Phylogenetic analysis of poultry-derived H9N2 isolates from Shandong showed a multi-lineage genome composition with PB2 and M from G1-like, PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like, and HA/NA from Y280-like lineages, indicating reassortment. 42184734
2026-07-22 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment H3N3 isolates were reassortants with HA from the novel H3N8 AIV lineage, NA from H10N3 AIV, and internal genes from H9N2 AIV. 42486182
2026-07-22 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment An H3N8 isolate was a triple-reassortant with Eurasian avian H3, North American avian N8, and H9N2-derived internal genes. 42486182
2026-07-13 Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment The H9N2 isolate HL55 infected BALB/c mice without prior adaptation, causing transient upper respiratory tract replication, ~9.2% weight loss, mild disease, and no mortality or systemic dissemination. 42515623
2026-07-13 Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment H9N2 isolate HL55 directly infected BALB/c mice without prior adaptation, with transient upper respiratory tract replication and mild disease. 42515623
2026-07-13 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment H9N2 isolates possess a reassortant mosaic genome with HA from BJ/94-like, PB1/NP/NS from F98-like, NA from FJ/30-C-like, and PB2/M from G1-like lineages. 42515623
2026-07-13 Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage H9N2 isolates HL55 and HL56 bind both avian α2-3 and human α2-6 sialic acid receptors, whereas HL45 binds only avian α2-3. 42515623
2026-07-13 Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation Three H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were recovered from apparently healthy poultry in a Changchun live poultry market in 2022. 42515623
2026-07-13 Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation H9N2 isolates carry mammalian-adaptation markers PB2 A588V, NA stalk deletion, and HA position 226 leucine, features linked to enhanced zoonotic adaptation including receptor binding and mammalian infectivity. 42515623
2026-07-13 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution Bayesian molecular clock analysis dated the H9N2 isolates’ MRCA to February 2022, with HL55 and HL56 diverging by May 2022, indicating rapid local evolution. 42515623
2026-07-02 Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment Low pathogenic avian H9N2 exhibited restricted replication in bovine mammary gland organoids. 42390302
2026-07 Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment H5N6 and H9N2 displayed differential lung replication and tissue tropism in human respiratory explants. 42397692
2026-06-30 Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection Influenza A(H9N2) was detected exclusively in poultry in Ghana with a prevalence of 5.67%. 42515577
2026-06-30 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution Whole-genome phylogenetic analysis placed Ghanaian A(H9N2) strains in clade G1. 42515577
2026-06-30 Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection Live bird markets in Ghana had significantly higher odds of A(H9N2) detection than commercial farms, while backyard farms had lower odds. 42515577
2026-06-30 Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation Ghanaian A(H9N2) strains belonged to clade G1 and carried mammalian-adaptive markers. 42515577
2026-06-30 Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection The Northern belt of Ghana recorded the highest prevalence of A(H9N2) detections in poultry. 42515577
2026-06-30 Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection Environmental samples in Ghana tested negative for A(H9N2). 42515577
2026-06 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment The duck-origin H6N2 GXG strain was identified as a triple-reassortant avian influenza virus containing a matrix gene derived from an H9N2 lineage. 41931194
Evidence-grounded Research Brief · Past month 14

Synthesizing linked evidence and source literature...

Generating an evidence-grounded brief with GPT-5...
4 source articles 4 hosts 1 countries
Publication date Category / type Key finding PMID
2026-08-07 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution HA phylogeny assigns the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates to the G5.3.2 (formerly B2) sub-lineage within the G1 Eurasian lineage. 42566313
2026-08-07 Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation Five H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were obtained from poultry in Pakistan between January and March 2023. 42566313
2026-08-07 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution All eight gene segments of the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates are closely related to prior Pakistani strains with no recent reassortment, consistent with localized persistence and drift. 42566313
2026-08-07 Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage G1-lineage H9N2 isolates from Pakistan bind both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, with stronger affinity for α2,6. 42566313
2026-08-07 Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation H9N2 isolates carried several mammalian-adaptive mutations in internal genes, indicating potential cross-species transmission risk. 42566313
2026-08 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment Shandong poultry H9N2 isolates are reassortants combining G1-like (PB2, M), SH/F98-like (PB1, PA, NP, NS), and Y280-like (HA, NA) lineage segments. 42184734
2026-08 Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment Three poultry-derived H9N2 isolates replicated efficiently in mouse lungs without causing mortality, with CK/SD/TA1016/22 showing higher replication and more severe lung lesions. 42184734
2026-08 Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation H9N2 isolates carried human-adapted HA receptor-binding mutations and mammalian-adaptation mutations in polymerase and other genes, indicating enhanced mammalian adaptation potential. 42184734
2026-08 Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation Eight H9N2 avian influenza virus strains were successfully isolated from RT‑qPCR–positive chicken samples in Shandong Province, China. 42184734
2026-08 Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection RT-qPCR detected H9N2 avian influenza virus in diseased chickens in Shandong Province during 2021–2023, with 10 positives out of 192 samples. 42184734
2026-08 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution Phylogenetic analysis of poultry-derived H9N2 isolates from Shandong showed a multi-lineage genome composition with PB2 and M from G1-like, PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like, and HA/NA from Y280-like lineages, indicating reassortment. 42184734
2026-07-22 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment H3N3 isolates were reassortants with HA from the novel H3N8 AIV lineage, NA from H10N3 AIV, and internal genes from H9N2 AIV. 42486182
2026-07-22 Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment An H3N8 isolate was a triple-reassortant with Eurasian avian H3, North American avian N8, and H9N2-derived internal genes. 42486182
2026-07 Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment H5N6 and H9N2 displayed differential lung replication and tissue tropism in human respiratory explants. 42397692
Evidence-grounded Research Brief · Past week 5

Synthesizing linked evidence and source literature...

Generating an evidence-grounded brief with GPT-5...
1 source articles 1 hosts 0 countries
Publication date Category / type Key finding PMID
2026-08-07 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution HA phylogeny assigns the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates to the G5.3.2 (formerly B2) sub-lineage within the G1 Eurasian lineage. 42566313
2026-08-07 Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation Five H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were obtained from poultry in Pakistan between January and March 2023. 42566313
2026-08-07 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution All eight gene segments of the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates are closely related to prior Pakistani strains with no recent reassortment, consistent with localized persistence and drift. 42566313
2026-08-07 Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage G1-lineage H9N2 isolates from Pakistan bind both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, with stronger affinity for α2,6. 42566313
2026-08-07 Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation H9N2 isolates carried several mammalian-adaptive mutations in internal genes, indicating potential cross-species transmission risk. 42566313

Evidence-related Animal

Evidence-related animal composition

34 animal taxa

Geographic evidence

Evidence distribution by country

14 countries

Temporal evidence

Evidence dynamics by year

121 year-type groups

Publication output

Source articles by month

309 months