Virus entity

Influenza A virus H5N1

Levelsubtype IAV H5N1

Recent evidence findings

Research Brief · Past 3 months 49

Generating research brief from recent literature...

Summarizing recent literature with GPT-5...
16 literature 11 hosts 7 countries
Publication date Type Key finding PMID
2026-06-04 Molecular Adaptation Predicted PTM sites in Influenza A virus proteins exhibit host-associated evolutionary rate differences, indicating molecular adaptations related to host lineage. 42240086
2026-06 Spillover Event Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 of clade 2.3.4.4b spilled over from wild birds to dairy cattle in the United States in early 2024. 41819722
2026-06 Zoonotic Surveillance A data-driven quantitative model integrated bird migration and cattle density data to estimate the risk of HPAIV H5N1 introduction from wild birds to cattle in Denmark, supporting targeted zoonotic surveillance. 41819722
2026-05-26 Molecular Adaptation The Q226H mutation in avian H5N1 hemagglutinin enables binding to human-type α2-6 sialic acid receptors, representing a structural adaptation towards human infection. 42244705
2026-05-24 Host Range Experiment Experimental inoculation of lactating dairy cattle with influenza A(H5N1) B3.13 genotype virus established robust infection and high-titer viral shedding in milk at doses as low as 10 TCID50. 42177170
2026-05-24 Cross Species Transmission H5N1 virus does not readily transmit between dairy cattle through contaminated milking equipment or close contact despite high infection levels. 42177170
2026-05-15 Spillover Event Independent introductions of HPAI H5N1 onto poultry farms in British Columbia were associated with elevated precipitation, decreased maximum relative humidity, and increased occurrence of certain wild bird species. 42136541
2026-05-14 Recombination Or Reassortment The H5N1 viruses detected in Uruguay were reassortant strains combining Eurasian HA, NA, and MP gene segments with internal genes derived from both South American and North American avian influenza lineages. 42198761
2026-05-14 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic analyses revealed two related viral groups differing in PB2 origin and showed increasing genetic diversity of H5N1 viruses in South America. 42198761
2026-05-14 Zoonotic Surveillance Eight H5N1 viruses of the Gs/GD lineage were detected in wild birds in Uruguay, demonstrating the continued presence and genomic diversification of avian influenza viruses in South American bird populations. 42198761
2026-05 Spillover Event HPAIV H5N1 was confirmed in unpasteurized milk from affected dairy cows in Texas and New Mexico, indicating avian-to-cattle transmission. 41703951
2026-05 Spillover Event HPAIV H5N1 infection was confirmed in peridomestic birds and domestic cats from affected dairy farm premises, supporting animal-to-animal spillover of avian-origin virus. 41703951
2026-05 Serological Evidence Wild boar sera from H5N1 outbreak areas showed ELISA reactivity to recombinant H5, indicating possible but unconfirmed H5N1 exposure. 41668256
2026-05 Outbreak Investigation Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 was confirmed in unpasteurized milk from affected dairy cows during an outbreak investigation in the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico in March–April 2024. 41703951
2026-05 Cross Species Transmission Serologic evidence suggests potential avian influenza virus H5N1 transmission from birds or poultry to wild boars in Spain. 41668256
2026-04-21 Spillover Event A human influenza A(H5N1) infection occurred in association with an H5N1 outbreak among dairy cattle in the United States, providing evidence of animal-to-human spillover. 42043271
2026-04-21 Outbreak Investigation An avian influenza A(H5N1) outbreak in dairy cattle in the United States during 2024 was associated with 70 human cases linked to animal-to-human transmission events. 42043271
2026-04-21 Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A(H5N1) genomes from human cases was performed to investigate animal-to-human transmission events and identify outbreak clusters. 42043271
2026-04-21 Zoonotic Surveillance Genomic surveillance using next-generation sequencing was conducted during the influenza A(H5N1) outbreak linked to dairy cattle in the United States to track outbreak evolution and monitor zoonotic transmission risks. 42043271
2026-04-20 Recombination Or Reassortment The D1.1 H5N1 genotype in North America arose through reassortment with new antigens following migration from Asia, producing viruses with broader host range and spillover into mammals and humans. 42079231
2026-04-20 Genomic Evolution Genomic analysis of over 21,000 H5N1 sequences revealed an evolutionary shift in 2024, producing the D1.1 reassortant lineage through interhemispheric migration and reassortment. 42079231
2026-04-20 Spillover Event D1.1 genotype H5N1 viruses spilled over to bovines and caused severe disease in humans. 42079231
2026-04-20 Spillover Event H5N1 avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds in North America spilled over into mammals. 42079231
2026-04-20 Molecular Adaptation H5N1 D1.1 genotype viruses underwent reassortment introducing new antigens, resulting in faster spread, broader host range, and greater virulence in humans. 42079231
2026-04-20 Cross Species Transmission H5N1 D1.1 genotype avian influenza viruses transmitted from wild birds to bovines in North America. 42079231
2026-04-07 Host Range Experiment Bovine embryonic fibroblasts supported replication of bovine-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 strains, demonstrating these cells’ susceptibility and providing an in vitro model for studying cross-species influenza infection. 41728991
2026-04-07 Cross Species Transmission HPAI H5N1 strains of avian origin can infect bovine cells, demonstrating potential cross-species transmission from birds to cattle. 41728991
2026-04-07 Molecular Adaptation Bovine-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 strains show enhanced replication and fitness in bovine embryonic fibroblasts, associated with increased α-2,3 sialic acid receptor expression, consistent with mammalian molecular adaptation. 41728991
2026-04-07 Receptor Usage Bovine embryonic fibroblasts express predominantly α-2,3 sialic acid receptors relative to α-2,6, consistent with receptor patterns mediating avian influenza virus binding and entry. 41728991
2026-04-07 Recombination Or Reassortment Coinfection of bovine embryonic fibroblasts with HPAI H5N1 and H1N1pdm09-like strains could enable development of reassortant influenza viruses. 41728991
2026-04-01 Spillover Event Influenza A(H5N1) genotype B3.13 viruses originating from cattle caused mild infections in humans, representing an animal-to-human spillover event. 41922194
2026-04-01 Reservoir Ecology Wild bird reservoir density and cold-weather conditions were major ecological drivers of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreak risk in the United States, likely via effects on environmental viral persistence and reservoir host physiology. 41959793
2026-04-01 Genomic Evolution Whole-genome and phylodynamic analyses showed that H5N1 genotype D1.1 spilled over from wild birds into dairy cattle in the United States and subsequently evolved more rapidly with signatures of positive selection in cattle. 41959054
2026-04-01 Genomic Evolution Whole-genome and phylodynamic analyses showed that H5N1 genotypes B3.13 and D1.1 spilled over from wild birds into dairy cattle in the United States and subsequently evolved more rapidly under relaxed purifying selection and positive selection in cattle. 41959054
2026-04-01 Spillover Event Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 genotypes B3.13 and D1.1 spilled over from wild birds into dairy cattle in the United States in late 2023 and late 2024. 41959054
2026-04-01 Outbreak Investigation Confirmed H5N1 detections were collected from 2022-2024 in the contiguous United States to inform outbreak risk prediction. 41959793
2026-04-01 Zoonotic Surveillance Confirmed H5N1 detections in wild birds across the United States were compiled and analyzed with environmental data as part of a machine learning-based surveillance framework for outbreak risk prediction. 41959793
2026-04-01 Molecular Adaptation H5N1 viruses displayed genomic sites under positive selection in dairy cattle compared with birds, consistent with molecular adaptation that enhanced viral fitness in cattle. 41959054
2026-04-01 Recombination Or Reassortment H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotypes B3.13 and D1.1 emerged in United States dairy cattle soon after reassortant genotype formation, suggesting reassortment preceded cross-species transmission. 41959054
2026-04-01 Molecular Adaptation Cattle-origin influenza A(H5N1) genotype B3.13 viruses exhibit moderate replication competence and tropism in human respiratory tissue, indicating molecular adaptation toward human infection. 41922194
2026-04-01 Zoonotic Surveillance Genomic surveillance was conducted in United States dairy cattle for H5N1 influenza viruses to monitor viral evolution and assess zoonotic risk. 41959054
2026-03-27 Serological Evidence Ferret sera produced by immunization with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 vaccine strains contained cross-reactive antibodies detected by HI and MN assays against a feline-origin H5N1 field isolate. 42042777
2026-03-27 Spillover Event Avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses repeatedly spilled over from birds to humans and other mammals. 42042777
2026-03-27 Cross Species Transmission H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses have spilled over from avian populations into diverse mammalian hosts, evidencing animal-to-animal cross-species transmission. 42042777
2026-03 Cross Species Transmission H5N1 avian influenza virus has transmitted from avian hosts to cattle. 41531488
2026-03 Cross Species Transmission H5N1 avian influenza virus has transmitted from avian hosts to seals. 41531488
2026-03 Cross Species Transmission H5N1 avian influenza virus has transmitted from avian hosts to mammalian species such as mink, seals, and cattle. 41531488
2026-03 Spillover Event H5N1 avian influenza virus spilled over from birds to humans, with repeated avian-to-human infections reported. 41531488
2026-03 Receptor Usage HA-Q226L and HA-T199I mutations in H5N1 hemagglutinin alter receptor specificity, increasing binding to human-type receptors. 41531488
Research Brief · Past month 11

Generating research brief from recent literature...

Summarizing recent literature with GPT-5...
6 literature 7 hosts 5 countries
Publication date Type Key finding PMID
2026-06-04 Molecular Adaptation Predicted PTM sites in Influenza A virus proteins exhibit host-associated evolutionary rate differences, indicating molecular adaptations related to host lineage. 42240086
2026-06 Spillover Event Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 of clade 2.3.4.4b spilled over from wild birds to dairy cattle in the United States in early 2024. 41819722
2026-06 Zoonotic Surveillance A data-driven quantitative model integrated bird migration and cattle density data to estimate the risk of HPAIV H5N1 introduction from wild birds to cattle in Denmark, supporting targeted zoonotic surveillance. 41819722
2026-05-26 Molecular Adaptation The Q226H mutation in avian H5N1 hemagglutinin enables binding to human-type α2-6 sialic acid receptors, representing a structural adaptation towards human infection. 42244705
2026-05-24 Host Range Experiment Experimental inoculation of lactating dairy cattle with influenza A(H5N1) B3.13 genotype virus established robust infection and high-titer viral shedding in milk at doses as low as 10 TCID50. 42177170
2026-05-24 Cross Species Transmission H5N1 virus does not readily transmit between dairy cattle through contaminated milking equipment or close contact despite high infection levels. 42177170
2026-05 Spillover Event HPAIV H5N1 was confirmed in unpasteurized milk from affected dairy cows in Texas and New Mexico, indicating avian-to-cattle transmission. 41703951
2026-05 Spillover Event HPAIV H5N1 infection was confirmed in peridomestic birds and domestic cats from affected dairy farm premises, supporting animal-to-animal spillover of avian-origin virus. 41703951
2026-05 Serological Evidence Wild boar sera from H5N1 outbreak areas showed ELISA reactivity to recombinant H5, indicating possible but unconfirmed H5N1 exposure. 41668256
2026-05 Outbreak Investigation Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 was confirmed in unpasteurized milk from affected dairy cows during an outbreak investigation in the Texas Panhandle and eastern New Mexico in March–April 2024. 41703951
2026-05 Cross Species Transmission Serologic evidence suggests potential avian influenza virus H5N1 transmission from birds or poultry to wild boars in Spain. 41668256
Research Brief · Past week 0

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0 literature 0 hosts 0 countries
Publication date Type Key finding PMID
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Evidence-related Animal

Evidence-related animal composition

95 animal taxa

Geographic evidence

Evidence distribution by country

43 countries

Temporal evidence

Evidence dynamics by year

241 year-type groups

Publication output

Literature publications by month

337 months