OmniVira

Literature detail

Nipah virus dynamics in bats and implications for spillover to humans.

Jonathan H Epstein1,2 Simon J Anthony3 Ariful Islam4 A Marm Kilpatrick5 Shahneaz Ali Khan4,6 Maria D Balkey3,7 Noam Ross4 Ina Smith8 Carlos Zambrana-Torrelio4 Yun Tao4 Ausraful Islam9 Phenix Lan Quan3 Kevin J Olival4 M Salah Uddin Khan9 Emily S Gurley9,10 M Jahangir Hossein11 Hume E Field4 Mark D Fielder12 Thomas Briese3 Mahmudur Rahman13 Christopher C Broder14 Gary Crameri8 Lin-Fa Wang15 Stephen P Luby9,16 W Ian Lipkin3 Peter Daszak4
Affiliations 16 institutions
  1. EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018
  2. [email protected].
  3. Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.
  4. EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018.
  5. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.
  6. Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, Khulshi 4225, Bangladesh.
  7. Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740.
  8. CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia.
  9. International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
  10. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205.
  11. Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.
  12. School of Life Sciences, Science, Engineering and Computing Faculty, Kingston University, London KT1 2EE, United Kingdom.
  13. Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
  14. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814.
  15. Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857.
  16. Department of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
PMID 33139552 2020 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A eng ppublish
PubMed DOI Browse context

Article

Publication summary

Nipah virus (NiV) is an emerging bat-borne zoonotic virus that causes near-annual outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in South Asia-one of the most populous regions on Earth. In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta. Outbreaks are sporadic, and the influence of viral dynamics in bats on their temporal and spatial distribution is poorly understood. We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, <i>Pteropus medius</i> bats, in Bangladesh. We found that NiV transmission occurred throughout the country and throughout the year. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity. Individual bats had smaller host ranges than other <i>Pteropus</i> species (spp.), although movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh. These data suggest that discrete multiannual local epizootics in bat populations contribute to the sporadic nature of NiV outbreaks in South Asia. At the same time, the broad spatial and temporal extent of NiV transmission, including the recent outbreak in Kerala, India, highlights the continued risk of spillover to humans wherever they may interact with pteropid bats and the importance of limiting opportunities for spillover throughout <i>Pteropus</i>'s range.

bats disease modeling henipavirus Nipah virus Pteropus Animals Asia Bangladesh Chiroptera Disease Outbreaks Female Henipavirus Infections Host Specificity Humans Immunity Male Models, Biological Molecular Epidemiology

Structured evidence records

Evidence records

5 total
Genomic Evolution 1 records
Genomic Evolution Extraction confidence 0.80
Key finding

Genetic analysis revealed circulation of a Malaysia-clade Nipah virus strain in eastern Bangladesh, indicating phylogenetic connectivity between Bangladeshi and Southeast Asian bats.

Virus
NiV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. ... movement data and the discovery of a Malaysia-clade NiV strain in eastern Bangladesh suggest connectivity with bats east of Bangladesh.

Analysis methods
viral genetics; phylogenetic analysis
Reservoir Ecology 1 records
Reservoir Ecology Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Nipah virus transmission in Pteropus medius bats in Bangladesh is driven by density-dependent transmission, loss of immunity, recrudescence, and multiyear population turnover, producing widespread and temporally variable viral circulation in the reservoir population.

Virus
NiV
Location
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Supporting text

We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. Model results indicated that local transmission dynamics were modulated by density-dependent transmission, acquired immunity that is lost over time, and recrudescence. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity.

Method
host ecology analysis; molecular epidemiology; serological dynamics; modeling
Geographic raw
Bangladesh
Country inferred
Bangladesh
Serological Evidence 1 records
Serological Evidence Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

Serological dynamics in Pteropus medius bats showed declining NiV seroprevalence over time due to population turnover and waning humoral immunity, indicating ongoing viral exposure and transmission in the bat reservoir.

Virus
NiV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh. Increased transmission followed multiyear periods of declining seroprevalence due to bat-population turnover and individual loss of humoral immunity.

Sample type
serum
Spillover Event 1 records
Spillover Event Extraction confidence 0.85
Key finding

Human Nipah virus infections in Bangladesh occur via bat-to-human spillover when people consume date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta.

Virus
NiV
Location
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Supporting text

In Bangladesh, infection occurs when people drink date-palm sap contaminated with bat excreta.

Study design
epidemiological observation
Transmission direction
animal-to-human
Geographic raw
Bangladesh
Country inferred
Bangladesh
Zoonotic Surveillance 1 records
Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 0.85
Key finding

Nipah virus was monitored through ecological, molecular, and serological data in Pteropus medius bats across Bangladesh, revealing continuous transmission throughout the country and year.

Virus
NiV
Location
Bangladesh Bangladesh
Supporting text

We analyzed data on host ecology, molecular epidemiology, serological dynamics, and viral genetics to characterize spatiotemporal patterns of NiV dynamics in its wildlife reservoir, Pteropus medius bats, in Bangladesh.

Method
molecular epidemiology; serology
Geographic raw
Bangladesh
Country inferred
Bangladesh