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Literature detail

Divergent Pathogenesis and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Swine.

Bailey Arruda Amy L Vincent Baker Alexandra Buckley Tavis K Anderson Mia Torchetti Nichole Hines Bergeson Mary Lea Killian Kristina Lantz
PMID 38478379 2024 Emerg Infect Dis eng ppublish
PubMed DOI Browse context

Article

Publication summary

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have potential to cross species barriers and cause pandemics. Since 2022, HPAI A(H5N1) belonging to the goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin phylogenetic clade have infected poultry, wild birds, and mammals across North America. Continued circulation in birds and infection of multiple mammalian species with strains possessing adaptation mutations increase the risk for infection and subsequent reassortment with influenza A viruses endemic in swine. We assessed the susceptibility of swine to avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains using a pathogenesis and transmission model. All strains replicated in the lung of pigs and caused lesions consistent with influenza A infection. However, viral replication in the nasal cavity and transmission was only observed with mammalian isolates. Mammalian adaptation and reassortment may increase the risk for incursion and transmission of HPAI viruses in feral, backyard, or commercial swine.

avian influenza H5N1 subtype influenza influenza A virus mammals porcine poultry respiratory infections swine United States viruses zoonoses Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Orthomyxoviridae Infections Animals Birds Influenza in Birds Mammals

Structured evidence records

Evidence records

5 total
Cross Species Transmission 1 records
Cross Species Transmission Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

Avian and mammalian H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were able to infect pigs, with transmission detected for mammalian isolates, indicating animal-to-animal host adaptation and cross-species transmission into swine.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
United States North America
Supporting text

We assessed the susceptibility of swine to avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains using a pathogenesis and transmission model. All strains replicated in the lung of pigs and caused lesions consistent with influenza A infection. However, viral replication in the nasal cavity and transmission was only observed with mammalian isolates.

Method
pathogenesis model; transmission assessment
Study design
animal experiment
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Geographic raw
North America
Country inferred
United States
Genomic Evolution 1 records
Genomic Evolution Extraction confidence 0.70
Key finding

HPAI H5N1 viruses identified belong to the goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b phylogenetic clade, indicating recent evolutionary diversification relevant to cross-species infection.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Host
Sus scrofa
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Since 2022, HPAI A(H5N1) belonging to the goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin phylogenetic clade have infected poultry, wild birds, and mammals across North America.

Genes or proteins
hemagglutinin
Analysis methods
phylogenetic analysis
Host Range Experiment 1 records
Host Range Experiment Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Experimental infection of pigs with avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains showed that all replicated in lung tissue but only mammalian isolates replicated in the nasal cavity and transmitted between pigs.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

We assessed the susceptibility of swine to avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains using a pathogenesis and transmission model. All strains replicated in the lung of pigs and caused lesions consistent with influenza A infection. However, viral replication in the nasal cavity and transmission was only observed with mammalian isolates.

Method
experimental infection; pathogenesis study; transmission model
Sample type
lung; nasal cavity
Experimental system
in vivo animal experiment
Molecular Adaptation 1 records
Molecular Adaptation Extraction confidence 0.85
Key finding

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses possess adaptation mutations associated with mammalian adaptation, as mammalian isolates replicated and transmitted in swine whereas avian isolates did not.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Host
Not specified
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Continued circulation in birds and infection of multiple mammalian species with strains possessing adaptation mutations increase the risk for infection and subsequent reassortment with influenza A viruses endemic in swine. We assessed the susceptibility of swine to avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains using a pathogenesis and transmission model. All strains replicated in the lung of pigs and caused lesions consistent with influenza A infection. However, viral replication in the nasal cavity and transmission was only observed with mammalian isolates.

Mechanism types
mammalian_adaptation; replication_efficiency; transmission_fitness
Recombination Or Reassortment 1 records
Recombination Or Reassortment Extraction confidence 0.60
Key finding

The study highlights the potential for reassortment between H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI viruses and influenza A viruses circulating in swine, which may influence cross-species transmission and emergence risk.

Host
Not specified
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Continued circulation in birds and infection of multiple mammalian species with strains possessing adaptation mutations increase the risk for infection and subsequent reassortment with influenza A viruses endemic in swine.

Event type
reassortment