Recent evidence findings
Synthesizing linked evidence and source literature...
Generating an evidence-grounded brief with GPT-5... AI-assisted synthesis grounded in linked OVE records and source literature. Verify details against the cited evidence.
34 source articles
14 hosts
10 countries
| Publication date | Category / type | Key finding | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | An H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from a chicken in Shandong Province, China, in March 2019. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | An H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from a pig in Shandong Province, China, in March 2019. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Two H9N2 viruses shared an identical reassortant genome: HA/NA from Y280-like, PB2/M from G1-like, and PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like lineages. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Two H9N2 viruses caused interstitial pneumonia and replicated in lungs and nasal turbinates of mice without significant weight loss or death and without detectable dissemination to other organs. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Both H9N2 isolates carried amino acid substitutions previously linked to mammalian adaptation, receptor binding, viral replication, and antigenic variation. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Both H9N2 isolates were classified as genotype G57 and closely related to H9N2 viruses previously detected in environmental samples in Jiangsu Province. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was detected in dead waterfowl at Ibirapuera Park, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2025. | 42811438 |
| 2026-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Fifty-six influenza A viruses were isolated from swine in Vietnam during 2020–2024, comprising 21 H1N1, 31 H1N2, and 4 H3N2 isolates. | 42811277 |
| 2026-10 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Experimental infection of breeding ducks with an H6N6 avian influenza virus caused significant reproductive tract damage and decreased egg production. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | In vivo challenge showed the H6N6 avian influenza virus infected mice, SPF chickens, and young Muscovy ducks, causing mild lesions. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | The isolated H6N6 avian influenza virus is a triple-reassortant derived from three distinct genetic clades. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | A novel H6N6 avian influenza virus was successfully isolated from affected breeding duck farms. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis found multiple co-circulating H1 and H3 clades in swine and showed three H1 clades persisted exclusively in Vietnam for up to 12 years. | 42811277 |
| 2026-10 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | The detected H5N1 virus in São Paulo was a reassortant derived from locally circulating LPAI viruses and highly pathogenic North American lineages. | 42811438 |
| 2026-10 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The H6N6 avian influenza virus isolate carries HA substitutions A138S and A222V, molecular changes implicated in adaptation. | 42385378 |
| 2026-09-29 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The combined neuraminidase mutations N70S and Y155H in H9N2 increase resistance to oseltamivir and zanamivir compared to single mutants, while remaining sensitive to peramivir. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-29 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | H9N2 avian influenza viruses with combined N70S and Y155H neuraminidase mutations caused high pathogenicity in BALB/c mice without prior adaptation. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-29 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis indicates that HA A227E and NA S369N substitutions were acquired in swine prior to the emergence of H1N1pdm09 in humans. | 42776754 |
| 2026-09-29 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | In H1N1pdm09-related swine viruses, HA A227E reduces receptor binding and NA S369N in the 2SBS reduces NA cleavage, jointly adjusting the HA–NA balance linked to host-range adaptation before the 2009 pandemic emergence. | 42776754 |
| 2026-09-29 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | NAI resistance-associated neuraminidase positions in H9N2 viruses from China (1998–2024) include N70S, E119A/D/G/V, Q133K, Q136A, D151E, Y155H, I222V, R224K, E276D, R292K, N294S, and R371K. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-29 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Neuraminidase inhibitors showed limited in vivo protective effect against H9N2 virus with combined N70S/Y155H mutations, potentially due to inability to ameliorate excessive inflammatory responses. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-28 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Full-length BC24 H5N1 hemagglutinin expressed in human A549 cells mediates membrane fusion, though at lower levels than prior H5 HAs. | 42806028 |
| 2026-09-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Most H5N1 and H5N9 genotypes detected in Korea in 2025–2026 are reassortants between East Asian clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIVs (since 2022) and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from wild birds. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV was detected in poultry and wild birds in Korea during the 2025–2026 winter season, with numerous outbreaks and cases reported. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In young ducks, H5N1 caused rapid mortality while H5N9 produced limited clinical signs without mortality. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N9 HPAIV was detected in poultry and wild birds in Korea during the 2025–2026 winter season. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 HPAIV was detected in poultry and wild birds in Korea during the 2025–2026 winter season. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | H5N9 transmitted to all contact ducks in a controlled contact-transmission experiment. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | H5N1 transmitted to all contact ducks in a controlled contact-transmission experiment. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Six H1N1 viruses belonging to the G4 genotype were isolated from pigs with respiratory disease in six Chinese provinces during 2023–2025. | 42797971 |
| 2026-09-10 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis placed six 2023–2025 swine H1N1 isolates in the G4 genotype with EA-lineage HA/NA, pdm09-derived PB2/PB1/PA/NP/M, and a triple‑reassortant NS segment. | 42797971 |
| 2026-09 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b carries an HA multibasic cleavage site and avian-specific receptor-binding residues (Q224, G226), supporting high pathogenicity and strong avian receptor affinity. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | An A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in Bangladesh is a reassortant with NA, PB1, NP, MP, and NS derived from contemporary A(H5N1) of ducks in LBMs, while PB2 and PA originate from LPAI viruses. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | The HA gene of the Bangladesh HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus clusters with recent LBM-origin strains from Bangladesh, with an MRCA around July 2023. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | An exposed domestic cat (CAT 2) seroconverted with antibodies against influenza A NP and H5/N1 antigens after initial PCR negativity. | 42679799 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in a domestic cat in Italy during an avian influenza outbreak on the same farm. | 42679799 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Avian influenza virus A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b was isolated from commercial quail during an outbreak in Bangladesh. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | An outbreak investigation identified H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infection in domestic cats associated with a concurrent backyard poultry HPAI outbreak in Italy, with one fatal feline case and one seroconversion in an exposed cat. | 42679799 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | A reassortant A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus was detected in commercial poultry in Bangladesh, indicating ongoing circulation. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | The PB2 gene of the A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus carries a rare I147T substitution while mammalian-adaptive markers E627K and D701N are absent. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The feline H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b isolate harbored PB2-E627K, a polymerase mutation linked to mammalian adaptation and increased pathogenicity. | 42679799 |
| 2026-08-26 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | In 2025 serosurveillance of 400 Japanese horses found no detectable H5N1 antibodies by HI, with 399/400 cELISA-negative and one doubtful sample. | 42648659 |
| 2026-08-21 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H9N2 isolate ZHY0417A11 is a multigenic reassortant acquiring PB1 from H3N8, PA and PB2 from H3N3, NS from H10N3, and retaining an H9N2 HA/NA/NP backbone, with an M gene nearly identical to a human H3N8 isolate. | 42655736 |
| 2026-08-21 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Two H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates (ZHY1022B2 and ZHY0417A11) were recovered from quail flocks in Hebei, China during 2024–2025. | 42655736 |
| 2026-08-21 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA genes of the two H9N2 quail isolates fall within subclade B4.7.2 and segregate into subgroups B4.7.2.2 and B4.7.2.1. | 42655736 |
| 2026-08-21 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carry HA mammalian-adaptive markers H191N, A198V, and Q234L. | 42655736 |
| 2026-08-10 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5TX Q226L binds human-type receptors but requires additional mutations to bind human tracheal tissue in tissue-based assays. | 42573239 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA phylogeny assigns the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates to the G5.3.2 (formerly B2) sub-lineage within the G1 Eurasian lineage. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Five H9N2 avian influenza virus isolates were obtained from poultry in Pakistan between January and March 2023. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | All eight gene segments of the 2023 Pakistani H9N2 isolates are closely related to prior Pakistani strains with no recent reassortment, consistent with localized persistence and drift. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | G1-lineage H9N2 isolates from Pakistan bind both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid receptors, with stronger affinity for α2,6. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carried several mammalian-adaptive mutations in internal genes, indicating potential cross-species transmission risk. | 42566313 |
| 2026-08-03 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | During the 2023 HPAI H5N1 outbreak in Chubut, Argentina, 3 South American sea lions and 1 southern elephant seal stranded and were investigated, with HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b confirmed by PCR and sequencing. | 42548173 |
| 2026-08-03 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAI virus was detected within fetal tissues associated with necrotizing placentitis in a sea lion. | 42548173 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | In summer 2022, HPAIVs including EA-2020-C (H5N1), EA-2021-AB (H5N1), and EA-2021-I (H5N5) were first detected in the High Arctic in a glaucous gull and great skuas on Svalbard and Jan Mayen. | 42606890 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | In H7N9 virus, the PA-X I94V mutation enhances viral polymerase activity and replication in mammalian cells. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | The PA/PA-X I94V mutation increases pathogenicity and viral fitness of H7N9 influenza A virus in mice. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Shandong poultry H9N2 isolates are reassortants combining G1-like (PB2, M), SH/F98-like (PB1, PA, NP, NS), and Y280-like (HA, NA) lineage segments. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Multiple distinct HPAIV genotypes detected in Svalbard and Jan Mayen indicate repeated and independent introductions into the High Arctic. | 42606890 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H5N8 viruses from Egyptian waterfowl shifted from genotype G1 (2018 duck strains) to genotype G4 in 2022 due to segment reassortment across the 8 gene segments. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H5N8 strains from 2022 possessed internal gene markers associated with mammalian adaptation, including PB2 504V, PA 127V and 672L, and PB1 133G. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | RT-qPCR detected H5N8 HPAI in 13 duck flocks and 11 geese flocks among 30 symptomatic waterfowl flocks; sampling was from Menoufia governorate, Egypt in 2022. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Recent sequence analysis shows high variation at PA/PA-X site 94 in H5N1 and H7N9, with the PA-X I94V mutation becoming prevalent in recent human H7N9 viruses. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The PA-X I94V mutation in H7N9 modulates PA-X–mediated host shutoff, inhibiting antiviral and cell death–related responses. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | The PA/PA-X I94V mutation attenuates virulence of H7N9 influenza A virus in chickens. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Three poultry-derived H9N2 isolates replicated efficiently in mouse lungs without causing mortality, with CK/SD/TA1016/22 showing higher replication and more severe lung lesions. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H9N2 isolates carried human-adapted HA receptor-binding mutations and mammalian-adaptation mutations in polymerase and other genes, indicating enhanced mammalian adaptation potential. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Eight H9N2 avian influenza virus strains were successfully isolated from RT‑qPCR–positive chicken samples in Shandong Province, China. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In PA-X–deficient H7N9 virus, adding the PA I94V mutation has no obvious effect on viral fitness in mice and chickens, implicating PA-X I94V in virulence modulation. | 42090884 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Brain-derived H5N8 isolates carried HA substitutions F244L, I248S, and K234R relative to tracheal isolates, suggesting adaptation linked to neurotropism. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | RT-qPCR detected H9N2 avian influenza virus in diseased chickens in Shandong Province during 2021–2023, with 10 positives out of 192 samples. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | HA phylogeny shows 2022 Egyptian H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b isolates cluster with Russian and European-like strains, with mutations linked to antigenic drift and adaptation. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Co-circulation of genetically distinct HPAIV strains in high-density Arctic bird areas suggests local amplification and subsequent dissemination along migratory flyways. | 42606890 |
| 2026-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis of poultry-derived H9N2 isolates from Shandong showed a multi-lineage genome composition with PB2 and M from G1-like, PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like, and HA/NA from Y280-like lineages, indicating reassortment. | 42184734 |
| 2026-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Patient-derived H5N1 HA mutations E190D and Q226H abolish receptor binding and thus hinder molecular adaptation toward human-type receptor specificity. | 42139887 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | H5N8 HPAI viruses were isolated from waterfowl in Egypt, yielding brain-derived and tracheal isolates. | 41498130 |
| 2026-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | In 2023, HPAIVs were detected in a broader range of bird species and retrospectively in an Atlantic walrus, with genotypes EA-2020-C (H5N1), EA-2021-I (H5N5), and EA-2022-BB (H5N1). | 42606890 |
| 2026-07-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Seven H6N1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from wild bird fecal samples in Mongolia during 2022–2024. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | H9N2 replicated effectively in lungs and nasal turbinates of BALB/c mice without prior adaptation. | 42655013 |
| 2026-07-30 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H9N2 avian influenza virus replicated and spread more efficiently in chickens than in ducks in controlled poultry infection studies. | 42655013 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 viruses from Mongolia and the Republic of Korea show strong phylogeographic connectivity within the Northeast Asian lineage (Bayes factor > 100). | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | H6N1 viruses were isolated from fecal samples of wild birds and domestic ducks in the Republic of Korea between September 2023 and April 2024. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | H9N2 avian influenza virus was transmitted to contact ducks more efficiently from infected chickens than from ducks to ducks under a controlled contact-transmission setup. | 42655013 |
| 2026-07-30 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H6N1 viruses show HA–NA co-adaptation consistent with a functional balance between HA receptor binding and NA enzymatic activity. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 HA and NA genes from Mongolia and the Republic of Korea cluster in the Northeast Asian lineage and diverged into two regional subclades around 2016–2017 with ladder-like, geographically structured phylogenies. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Inoculated chickens and ducks showed upregulated PRR and cytokine mRNA in lungs, with lower fold increases in ducks than chickens following H9N2 infection. | 42655013 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | H6N1 surface gene evolution is driven mainly by antigenic drift with restricted regional intra- and inter-clade reassortment, indicating HA–NA co-adaptation. | 42533206 |
| 2026-07-30 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis placed the H9N2 isolate’s HA in the B4.7 lineage while the other seven segments were Eurasian, indicating complex reassortment across regions in China. | 42655013 |
| 2026-07-30 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | One H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from chickens in Jiangsu Province, China in March 2025. | 42655013 |
| 2026-07-30 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The H9N2 isolate harbors key amino acid substitutions that may enhance viral polymerase activity and replication efficiency in mice. | 42655013 |
| 2026-07-28 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | Neutralizing antibodies to H5N1 were detected in 3 of 12 domestic cats sampled within 2 km of dairy farms in California, USA. | 42520787 |
| 2026-07-28 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Among domestic cats in California, proximity to dairy farms was a significant ecological risk factor associated with H5N1 seropositivity. | 42520787 |
| 2026-07-26 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | Emerging H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b binds human MHC-II HLA-DR and can mediate sialic acid–independent cell entry, unlike historical H5 lineages. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-26 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin binds human MHC-II (HLA-DR) and enables sialic acid–independent entry, with binding to primary human immune cells varying by MHC-II expression and HLA-DR allele. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-26 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b is reported as causing a multi-species outbreak affecting wild birds, poultry, multiple mammalian species, and humans. | 42539232 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | H3N3 isolates were reassortants with HA from the novel H3N8 AIV lineage, NA from H10N3 AIV, and internal genes from H9N2 AIV. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | An H3N8 isolate was a triple-reassortant with Eurasian avian H3, North American avian N8, and H9N2-derived internal genes. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | HI assays showed no cross-reactivity between the novel H3 avian influenza viruses and H5, H7, or H9 avian influenza viruses. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | A representative H3N8 avian influenza virus infected BALB/c mice without prior adaptation, replicating mainly in the upper respiratory tract with limited extrapulmonary dissemination. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H3 avian influenza isolates harbored PB2 L89V, PB2 I292V, and PB1 H436Y substitutions previously linked to enhanced mammalian adaptation. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | One H3N8 and ten H3N3 avian influenza viruses were isolated from poultry samples in China. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis indicated the H3N3 isolates are reassortants with HA derived from the novel H3N8 lineage, NA from H10N3, and internal genes from H9N2. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-22 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic whole‑genome analysis showed the H3N8 isolate is a triple‑reassortant with a Eurasian avian H3 gene, a North American avian N8 gene, and H9N2‑derived internal genes. | 42486182 |
| 2026-07-21 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAI H5N1 viral RNA was detected in organ samples from domestic and wild birds in Romania (2017–2024) using real-time RT-PCR, with subsequent sequencing of PB1 and PB2 fragments. | 42515095 |
| 2026-07-21 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Romanian H5N1 isolates cluster within Eurasian H5N1 lineages and are closely related to contemporary strains from Eastern Europe and Russia. | 42515095 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Intramammary exposure to bovine-derived H5N1 causes productive infection in lactating sows despite prior vaccination. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Intramammary inoculation with influenza A(H5N1) in lactating sows caused mammary lesions and antigen-positive tissue with sustained viral RNA in milk but no overt clinical disease or respiratory involvement. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Viral RNA from influenza A(H5N1) was detected and shed persistently in the milk of intramammarily inoculated lactating sows. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | In experimentally inoculated lactating sows, neutralizing antibody responses against influenza A(H5N1) developed, indicating immune exposure. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-18 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | Piglets co-housed with intramammary-inoculated lactating sows showed sporadic oral viral RNA positivity that mirrored milk viral kinetics, indicating limited vertical transmission to piglets. | 42523357 |
| 2026-07-17 | Functional Mechanism Receptor Usage | Ailong virus uses human ephrin B2 (EFNB2) and ephrin B3 (EFNB3) as functional receptors. | 42467734 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Avian influenza viruses were consistently detected from wild birds via annual sampling around Izembek National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska since 2011. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses were detected in the Pacific Flyway of North America in 2014 and 2022. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In human bronchial epithelial Calu-3 cells, H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b viruses induced moderate type I interferon and proinflammatory responses, lower than A(H1N1)pdm09 and H5N1 clade 1. | 42466872 |
| 2026-07-17 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Reassortment between HPAIVs and LPAIVs produced novel HPAIV genotypes and one LPAIV carrying an HPAIV gene segment in southwestern Alaska. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | During 14 years of AIV surveillance in southwestern Alaska, detected virus prevalence peaked during periods of HPAIV introduction. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Zoonotic Surveillance Reservoir Ecology | Avian influenza viruses were consistently detected in wild birds in southwestern Alaska, with frequent intercontinental viral dispersal observed among this host population. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07-17 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Following 2022 introductions of HPAIVs, the proportion of Eurasian-lineage gene segments in avian influenza viruses from wild birds in southwestern Alaska increased. | 42469424 |
| 2026-07 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | NS1-A53D enhances HA stability while maintaining receptor binding specificity, compensating for reduced receptor-binding affinity caused by HA mutations in H1N1 canine influenza virus. | 42176433 |
| 2026-07 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Seasonal influenza A H1N1, H3N2, influenza B, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV productively replicated and infected human bronchial tissues in an ex vivo model. | 42397692 |
Synthesizing linked evidence and source literature...
Generating an evidence-grounded brief with GPT-5... AI-assisted synthesis grounded in linked OVE records and source literature. Verify details against the cited evidence.
10 source articles
7 hosts
4 countries
| Publication date | Category / type | Key finding | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | An H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from a chicken in Shandong Province, China, in March 2019. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | An H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from a pig in Shandong Province, China, in March 2019. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Two H9N2 viruses shared an identical reassortant genome: HA/NA from Y280-like, PB2/M from G1-like, and PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like lineages. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Two H9N2 viruses caused interstitial pneumonia and replicated in lungs and nasal turbinates of mice without significant weight loss or death and without detectable dissemination to other organs. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Both H9N2 isolates carried amino acid substitutions previously linked to mammalian adaptation, receptor binding, viral replication, and antigenic variation. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Both H9N2 isolates were classified as genotype G57 and closely related to H9N2 viruses previously detected in environmental samples in Jiangsu Province. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus was detected in dead waterfowl at Ibirapuera Park, São Paulo, Brazil, in 2025. | 42811438 |
| 2026-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Fifty-six influenza A viruses were isolated from swine in Vietnam during 2020–2024, comprising 21 H1N1, 31 H1N2, and 4 H3N2 isolates. | 42811277 |
| 2026-10 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Experimental infection of breeding ducks with an H6N6 avian influenza virus caused significant reproductive tract damage and decreased egg production. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | In vivo challenge showed the H6N6 avian influenza virus infected mice, SPF chickens, and young Muscovy ducks, causing mild lesions. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | The isolated H6N6 avian influenza virus is a triple-reassortant derived from three distinct genetic clades. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | A novel H6N6 avian influenza virus was successfully isolated from affected breeding duck farms. | 42385378 |
| 2026-10 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis found multiple co-circulating H1 and H3 clades in swine and showed three H1 clades persisted exclusively in Vietnam for up to 12 years. | 42811277 |
| 2026-10 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | The detected H5N1 virus in São Paulo was a reassortant derived from locally circulating LPAI viruses and highly pathogenic North American lineages. | 42811438 |
| 2026-10 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The H6N6 avian influenza virus isolate carries HA substitutions A138S and A222V, molecular changes implicated in adaptation. | 42385378 |
| 2026-09-29 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The combined neuraminidase mutations N70S and Y155H in H9N2 increase resistance to oseltamivir and zanamivir compared to single mutants, while remaining sensitive to peramivir. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-29 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | H9N2 avian influenza viruses with combined N70S and Y155H neuraminidase mutations caused high pathogenicity in BALB/c mice without prior adaptation. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-29 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Phylogenetic analysis indicates that HA A227E and NA S369N substitutions were acquired in swine prior to the emergence of H1N1pdm09 in humans. | 42776754 |
| 2026-09-29 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | In H1N1pdm09-related swine viruses, HA A227E reduces receptor binding and NA S369N in the 2SBS reduces NA cleavage, jointly adjusting the HA–NA balance linked to host-range adaptation before the 2009 pandemic emergence. | 42776754 |
| 2026-09-29 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | NAI resistance-associated neuraminidase positions in H9N2 viruses from China (1998–2024) include N70S, E119A/D/G/V, Q133K, Q136A, D151E, Y155H, I222V, R224K, E276D, R292K, N294S, and R371K. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-29 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Neuraminidase inhibitors showed limited in vivo protective effect against H9N2 virus with combined N70S/Y155H mutations, potentially due to inability to ameliorate excessive inflammatory responses. | 42810520 |
| 2026-09-28 | Experimental Infection Host Range Experiment | Full-length BC24 H5N1 hemagglutinin expressed in human A549 cells mediates membrane fusion, though at lower levels than prior H5 HAs. | 42806028 |
| 2026-09-22 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Most H5N1 and H5N9 genotypes detected in Korea in 2025–2026 are reassortants between East Asian clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIVs (since 2022) and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses from wild birds. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV was detected in poultry and wild birds in Korea during the 2025–2026 winter season, with numerous outbreaks and cases reported. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | In young ducks, H5N1 caused rapid mortality while H5N9 produced limited clinical signs without mortality. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N9 HPAIV was detected in poultry and wild birds in Korea during the 2025–2026 winter season. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 HPAIV was detected in poultry and wild birds in Korea during the 2025–2026 winter season. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | H5N9 transmitted to all contact ducks in a controlled contact-transmission experiment. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09-22 | Experimental Infection Experimental Transmission | H5N1 transmitted to all contact ducks in a controlled contact-transmission experiment. | 42772571 |
| 2026-09 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b carries an HA multibasic cleavage site and avian-specific receptor-binding residues (Q224, G226), supporting high pathogenicity and strong avian receptor affinity. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | An A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus in Bangladesh is a reassortant with NA, PB1, NP, MP, and NS derived from contemporary A(H5N1) of ducks in LBMs, while PB2 and PA originate from LPAI viruses. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | The HA gene of the Bangladesh HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus clusters with recent LBM-origin strains from Bangladesh, with an MRCA around July 2023. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Serological Evidence | An exposed domestic cat (CAT 2) seroconverted with antibodies against influenza A NP and H5/N1 antigens after initial PCR negativity. | 42679799 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | HPAIV H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b was detected in a domestic cat in Italy during an avian influenza outbreak on the same farm. | 42679799 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | Avian influenza virus A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b was isolated from commercial quail during an outbreak in Bangladesh. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Transmission Evidence Outbreak Investigation | An outbreak investigation identified H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b infection in domestic cats associated with a concurrent backyard poultry HPAI outbreak in Italy, with one fatal feline case and one seroconversion in an exposed cat. | 42679799 |
| 2026-09 | Zoonotic Surveillance Viral Detection | A reassortant A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus was detected in commercial poultry in Bangladesh, indicating ongoing circulation. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | The PB2 gene of the A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus carries a rare I147T substitution while mammalian-adaptive markers E627K and D701N are absent. | 42767772 |
| 2026-09 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | The feline H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b isolate harbored PB2-E627K, a polymerase mutation linked to mammalian adaptation and increased pathogenicity. | 42679799 |
Synthesizing linked evidence and source literature...
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| Publication date | Category / type | Key finding | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | An H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from a chicken in Shandong Province, China, in March 2019. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Zoonotic Surveillance Virus Isolation | An H9N2 avian influenza virus was isolated from a pig in Shandong Province, China, in March 2019. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Genomic Evolution Recombination or Reassortment | Two H9N2 viruses shared an identical reassortant genome: HA/NA from Y280-like, PB2/M from G1-like, and PB1/PA/NP/NS from SH/F98-like lineages. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Experimental Infection Pathogenicity Experiment | Two H9N2 viruses caused interstitial pneumonia and replicated in lungs and nasal turbinates of mice without significant weight loss or death and without detectable dissemination to other organs. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Functional Mechanism Molecular Adaptation | Both H9N2 isolates carried amino acid substitutions previously linked to mammalian adaptation, receptor binding, viral replication, and antigenic variation. | 42849636 |
| 2026-10-08 | Genomic Evolution Phylogenetic Evolution | Both H9N2 isolates were classified as genotype G57 and closely related to H9N2 viruses previously detected in environmental samples in Jiangsu Province. | 42849636 |