The occurrence of swine H1N1 pandemic was unexpected because our previous focus was concentrated on highly pathogenic avian H5N1 outbreaks. The H1N1 pandemic means that cross-species infection and cross-subtype mutation is not as rare as we had previously thought, and the barriers between species and between subtypes are not strong for influenza A virus. In this study, we use ANOVA to determine if there are barriers between species and between subtypes in the matrix protein 1 family from influenza A virus. The results show that the inter-species/subtype variations are generally much smaller than the intra-species/subtype ones, indicating that the barriers between species and between subtypes are not strong for influenza A viruses, which provides statistical evidence for cross-species infections and cross-subtype mutations.
Genetic VariationMutation, MissenseAnimalsBirdsHorse DiseasesHorsesHumansInfluenza A virusInfluenza in BirdsInfluenza, HumanOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsSequence Analysis, DNASwineSwine DiseasesViral Matrix ProteinsM1 protein, Influenza A virus
Structured evidence records
Evidence records
5 total
Genomic Evolution3 records
Genomic EvolutionExtraction confidence 0.80
Key finding
Sequence analysis of influenza A matrix protein 1 across species and subtypes indicates weak genetic barriers, supporting cross-species infection and cross-subtype mutation dynamics.
In this study, we use ANOVA to determine if there are barriers between species and between subtypes in the matrix protein 1 family from influenza A virus. The results show that the inter-species/subtype variations are generally much smaller than the intra-species/subtype ones, indicating that the barriers between species and between subtypes are not strong for influenza A viruses.
Genetic comparison of influenza A matrix protein 1 sequences among avian hosts revealed small inter-species variation, consistent with potential cross-species adaptability.
In this study, we use ANOVA to determine if there are barriers between species and between subtypes in the matrix protein 1 family from influenza A virus. The results show that the inter-species/subtype variations are generally much smaller than the intra-species/subtype ones.
Genetic comparisons of influenza A matrix protein 1 among human strains show weak inter-species barriers with other host species, supporting evidence for cross-species viral matrix gene similarity.
In this study, we use ANOVA to determine if there are barriers between species and between subtypes in the matrix protein 1 family from influenza A virus.
Cross Species TransmissionExtraction confidence 0.95
Key finding
Influenza A virus matrix protein sequences show weak inter-species barriers, supporting cross-species transmission among non-human animals such as birds, swine, and horses.
The results show that the inter-species/subtype variations are generally much smaller than the intra-species/subtype ones, indicating that the barriers between species and between subtypes are not strong for influenza A viruses, which provides statistical evidence for cross-species infections and cross-subtype mutations.
Method
sequence analysis; ANOVA
Study design
phylogenetic analysis
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Molecular Adaptation1 records
Molecular AdaptationExtraction confidence 0.85
Key finding
Variation in influenza A matrix protein 1 shows weak barriers between species and subtypes, supporting molecular adaptation enabling cross-species infections and subtype shifts.
The results show that the inter-species/subtype variations are generally much smaller than the intra-species/subtype ones, indicating that the barriers between species and between subtypes are not strong for influenza A viruses, which provides statistical evidence for cross-species infections and cross-subtype mutations.
