Structural analysis of COVID-19 spike protein in recognizing the ACE2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection.

The pandemic COVID-19 was caused by a novel Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ACE2 receptor. The spike 2 protein recognizes the N-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ACE2 receptor. To understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ACE2 receptors from different mammalian species with SARS-CoV-2 spike 2 receptor binding domain. Our comprehensive structure analysis revealed that the natural substitution of amino acid residues Gln24, His34, Phe40, Leu79 and Met82 in the N-terminal α1 and α2 helices of the ACE2 receptor results in loss of crucial network of hydrogen-bonded and hydrophobic interactions with receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Another striking observation is the absence of N-glycosylation site Asn103 in all mammals and many species, lack more than one N-linked glycosylation site in the ACE2 receptor. Based on the loss of crucial interactions and the absence of N-linked glycosylation sites we categorized Felis catus, Equus caballus, Panthera tigris altaica, as highly susceptible while Oryctolagus cuniculus, Bos Tauras, Ovis aries and Capra hircus as moderately susceptible species for infection. Similarly, the E. asinus, Bubalus bubalis, Canis lupus familiaris, Ailuropoda melaleuca and Camelus dromedarius are categorized as low susceptible with Loxodonta Africana, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa and Rattus rattus as least susceptible species for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02599-2.