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Literature detail

Surveillance and cross-species transmission assessment of H3NX avian influenza viruses isolated in Guangdong province, China from 2023 to 2025.

Jie Liu1 Hai Yang Xiang2 Jing Liu1 Yuan Guo Li2 Xiaodong Liang3 Qiong Yang4 Jiali Xie1 Yuwei Gao2 Ye Ge5
Affiliations 5 institutions
  1. College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
  2. Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun 130122, China.
  3. Forestry administration of Guangdong province, Guangzhou, China.
  4. Guangdong Neilingding Futian National Nature Researve, Shen Zhen, China.
  5. College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China. Electronic address: [email protected].
PMID 41931871 2026 Poult Sci eng aheadofprint
PubMed DOI Browse context

Article

Publication summary

Continued influenza surveillance remains important, especially given that the emergence of novel subtypes or reassorted influenza viruses with pandemic potential continues to be a worldwide threat. In particular, virus circulating in birds can facilitate interspecies transmission to humans. In this study, we conducted systematic surveillance of H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIVs) in domestic poultry and wild birds throughout Guangdong Province from 2023 to 2025. A total of 21 strains of H3 subtype AIVs were isolated, and phylogenetic analyses and risk assessment of their internal gene segments revealed genetic evidence of reassortment events, indicating a close genetic relationship with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). ZJ1722, ZJ1542 and SZ837 showed dual-receptor binding ability and robust replication in mammalian cells, which coincided with amino acid mutations in the HA protein associated with human receptor binding. Although the H3NX viruses isolated in this study failed to cause lethality in mice, they efficiently replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of mice without prior adaptation. This study highlights the paramount importance of sustained, subtype-specific surveillance targeting H3NX avian influenza viruses coupled with timely risk characterization and assessment. Proactive containment of H3NX avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission has vital implications for safeguarding the sustainability of the poultry industry and protecting global human public health, given the inherent zoonotic potential and evolutionary plasticity of this H3 subtype, which could drive future spillover events.

Avian influenza virus H3NX Phylogenetic analysis Public health Receptor binding

Structured evidence records

Evidence records

9 total
Host Range Experiment 2 records
Host Range Experiment Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

H3NX avian influenza virus strains ZJ1722, ZJ1542, and SZ837 exhibited dual-receptor binding and replicated efficiently in mammalian cells, indicating cross-species host adaptation potential.

Virus
IAV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

ZJ1722, ZJ1542 and SZ837 showed dual-receptor binding ability and robust replication in mammalian cells, which coincided with amino acid mutations in the HA protein associated with human receptor binding.

Method
receptor binding assay; replication assay
Experimental system
in vitro cell culture
Host Range Experiment Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

Experimental infection in mice showed that H3NX avian influenza viruses replicated efficiently in nasal turbinate and lung tissues but were nonlethal.

Virus
IAV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Although the H3NX viruses isolated in this study failed to cause lethality in mice, they efficiently replicated in the nasal turbinate and lungs of mice without prior adaptation.

Method
experimental infection; replication assay
Sample type
nasal turbinate; lungs
Experimental system
in vivo animal experiment
Zoonotic Surveillance 2 records
Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 1.00
Key finding

Systematic surveillance identified 21 strains of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses in domestic poultry and wild birds in Guangdong Province, China during 2023–2025.

Virus
IAV
Host
Aves
Location
China Guangdong Province, China
Supporting text

In this study, we conducted systematic surveillance of H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIVs) in domestic poultry and wild birds throughout Guangdong Province from 2023 to 2025. A total of 21 strains of H3 subtype AIVs were isolated.

Geographic raw
Guangdong Province
Country inferred
China
Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 1.00
Key finding

Systematic surveillance identified 21 strains of H3 subtype avian influenza viruses in wild birds in Guangdong Province, China during 2023–2025.

Virus
IAV
Host
Aves
Location
China Guangdong Province, China
Supporting text

In this study, we conducted systematic surveillance of H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIVs) in domestic poultry and wild birds throughout Guangdong Province from 2023 to 2025. A total of 21 strains of H3 subtype AIVs were isolated.

Geographic raw
Guangdong Province
Country inferred
China
Cross Species Transmission 1 records
Cross Species Transmission Extraction confidence 0.80
Key finding

H3NX avian influenza viruses were detected in both domestic poultry and wild birds during surveillance in Guangdong, indicating cross-species transmission among avian hosts.

Virus
IAV
Host
Aves Aves
Location
China China
Supporting text

In this study, we conducted systematic surveillance of H3 subtype avian influenza virus (AIVs) in domestic poultry and wild birds throughout Guangdong Province from 2023 to 2025.

Method
virus isolation; phylogenetic analysis
Study design
field surveillance
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Geographic raw
Guangdong Province, China
Country inferred
China
Genomic Evolution 1 records
Genomic Evolution Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

Phylogenetic analysis of H3NX avian influenza viruses showed reassortment among internal gene segments and close genetic relationships with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.

Virus
IAV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

A total of 21 strains of H3 subtype AIVs were isolated, and phylogenetic analyses and risk assessment of their internal gene segments revealed genetic evidence of reassortment events, indicating a close genetic relationship with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs).

Genes or proteins
internal gene segments
Analysis methods
phylogenetic analysis
Molecular Adaptation 1 records
Molecular Adaptation Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

H3NX avian influenza viruses carrying HA mutations associated with human receptor binding exhibited dual-receptor binding ability and efficient replication in mammalian cells, suggesting molecular adaptation to mammalian hosts.

Virus
IAV
Host
Not specified
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

ZJ1722, ZJ1542 and SZ837 showed dual-receptor binding ability and robust replication in mammalian cells, which coincided with amino acid mutations in the HA protein associated with human receptor binding.

Genes or proteins
HA
Receptors
human receptor
Mechanism types
receptor_binding; replication_efficiency
Receptor Usage 1 records
Receptor Usage Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

H3NX avian influenza virus isolates ZJ1722, ZJ1542, and SZ837 possess dual-receptor binding ability and HA mutations linked to human-type receptor binding, indicating potential adaptation to mammalian receptors.

Virus
IAV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

ZJ1722, ZJ1542 and SZ837 showed dual-receptor binding ability and robust replication in mammalian cells, which coincided with amino acid mutations in the HA protein associated with human receptor binding.

Receptors
human receptor
Recombination Or Reassortment 1 records
Recombination Or Reassortment Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

H3NX avian influenza viruses from poultry and wild birds in Guangdong showed internal gene reassortment related to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.

Virus
IAV IAV IAV IAV IAV
Host
Not specified
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Phylogenetic analyses and risk assessment of their internal gene segments revealed genetic evidence of reassortment events, indicating a close genetic relationship with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs).

Event type
reassortment
Genes or segments
internal gene segments