Literature detail

Evidence of exposure of domestic pigs to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Nigeria.

Clement Meseko^1,2,3 Anja Globig⁴ Jeremiah Ijomanta⁵ Tony Joannis⁵ Chika Nwosuh⁵ David Shamaki⁵ Timm Harder⁶ Donata Hoffman⁶ Anne Pohlmann⁶ Martin Beer⁶ Thomas Mettenleiter⁷ Elke Starick⁶

Affiliations 7 institutions

Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria. [email protected].
Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany. [email protected].
Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany. [email protected].
Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.

PMID 29651056 2018 Sci Rep eng epublish

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Article

Publication summary

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) potentially transmit to swine as shown by experiments, where further reassortment may contribute to the generation of pandemic strains. Associated risks of AIV inter-species transmission are greater in countries like Nigeria with recurrent epidemics of highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) in poultry and significant pig population. Analysis of 129 tracheal swab specimens collected from apparently healthy pigs at slaughterhouse during presence of HPAI virus H5N1 in poultry in Nigeria for influenza A by RT-qPCR yielded 43 positive samples. Twenty-two could be determined by clade specific RT-qPCR as belonging to the H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c and confirmed by partial hemagglutinin (HA) sequence analysis. In addition, 500 swine sera were screened for antibodies against influenza A virus nucleoprotein and H5 HA using competition ELISAs and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Serologically, 222 (44.4%) and 42 (8.4%) sera were positive for influenza A virus NP and H5 antibodies, respectively. Sera reacted to H5N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 strains by HI suggesting exposure of the Nigerian domestic pig population to these viruses. We report for the first time in Nigeria, exposure of domestic pigs to H5N1 virus. This poses potential public health and pandemic risk due to interspecies transmission of avian and human influenza viruses.

Animals Antibodies, Viral Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus Immune Sera Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Influenza in Birds Nigeria Nucleoproteins Orthomyxoviridae Infections Poultry Prevalence Sus scrofa Swine Swine Diseases hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus

Structured evidence records

Evidence records

5 total

Serological Evidence 2 records

Serological Evidence Extraction confidence 0.98

Key finding

Serological assays detected antibodies to H5N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 in Nigerian domestic pigs, indicating exposure to both avian and human influenza viruses.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

Five hundred swine sera were screened for antibodies against influenza A virus nucleoprotein and H5 HA using competition ELISAs and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Serologically, 222 (44.4%) and 42 (8.4%) sera were positive for influenza A virus NP and H5 antibodies, respectively. Sera reacted to H5N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 strains by HI suggesting exposure of the Nigerian domestic pig population to these viruses.

Method: competition ELISA; hemagglutination inhibition test
Sample type: sera

Serological Evidence Extraction confidence 0.98

Key finding

Serological evidence showed antibodies reactive to A/H1N1pdm09 in Nigerian domestic pigs, consistent with exposure to a human-origin influenza virus.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

Method: competition ELISA; hemagglutination inhibition test
Sample type: sera

Zoonotic Surveillance 2 records

Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 0.95

Key finding

Surveillance of domestic pigs in Nigeria detected influenza A H5N1 RNA by RT-qPCR, confirming infection with clade 2.3.2.1c viruses.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

Analysis of 129 tracheal swab specimens collected from apparently healthy pigs at slaughterhouse during presence of HPAI virus H5N1 in poultry in Nigeria for influenza A by RT-qPCR yielded 43 positive samples. Twenty-two could be determined by clade specific RT-qPCR as belonging to the H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c and confirmed by partial hemagglutinin (HA) sequence analysis.

Method: RT-qPCR; clade specific RT-qPCR; hemagglutinin sequence analysis
Sample type: tracheal swab
Geographic raw: Nigeria
Country inferred: Nigeria

Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 0.90

Key finding

Serological screening of Nigerian domestic pigs detected antibodies to influenza A and H5N1, indicating prior exposure to these viruses.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

In addition, 500 swine sera were screened for antibodies against influenza A virus nucleoprotein and H5 HA using competition ELISAs and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Serologically, 222 (44.4%) and 42 (8.4%) sera were positive for influenza A virus NP and H5 antibodies, respectively.

Method: competition ELISA; hemagglutination inhibition test
Sample type: serum
Geographic raw: Nigeria
Country inferred: Nigeria

Cross Species Transmission 1 records

Cross Species Transmission Extraction confidence 0.90

Key finding

Domestic pigs in Nigeria were exposed to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1, supporting cross-species transmission from birds to pigs.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

We report for the first time in Nigeria, exposure of domestic pigs to H5N1 virus. Avian influenza viruses (AIV) potentially transmit to swine as shown by experiments.

Method: RT-qPCR; sequence analysis; competition ELISA; hemagglutination inhibition test
Study design: field surveillance
Transmission direction: animal-to-animal
Geographic raw: Nigeria
Country inferred: Nigeria

Citation context

References

46 references

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Evidence overview

Evidence 5

Types 3

Virus 2

Host 2

Evidence types

Serological Evidence 2 Zoonotic Surveillance 2 Cross Species Transmission 1

Linked entities

Viruses

Hosts

Locations

Publication metadata

Journal: Scientific reports
Volume / Issue / Pages: 8 / 1 / 5900
ISSN: 2045-2322
Journal country: England
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24371-6