Evidence of exposure of domestic pigs to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in Nigeria.

Clement Meseko^1,2,3 Anja Globig⁴ Jeremiah Ijomanta⁵ Tony Joannis⁵ Chika Nwosuh⁵ David Shamaki⁵ Timm Harder⁶ Donata Hoffman⁶ Anne Pohlmann⁶ Martin Beer⁶ Thomas Mettenleiter⁷ Elke Starick⁶

Affiliations 7 institutions

Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria. [email protected].
Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany. [email protected].
Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany. [email protected].
Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenza, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria.
Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany.

PMID29651056 DOI10.1038/s41598-018-24371-6 Year2018 Journal Scientific reports Sci Rep Languageeng Statusepublish

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) potentially transmit to swine as shown by experiments, where further reassortment may contribute to the generation of pandemic strains. Associated risks of AIV inter-species transmission are greater in countries like Nigeria with recurrent epidemics of highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) in poultry and significant pig population. Analysis of 129 tracheal swab specimens collected from apparently healthy pigs at slaughterhouse during presence of HPAI virus H5N1 in poultry in Nigeria for influenza A by RT-qPCR yielded 43 positive samples. Twenty-two could be determined by clade specific RT-qPCR as belonging to the H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c and confirmed by partial hemagglutinin (HA) sequence analysis. In addition, 500 swine sera were screened for antibodies against influenza A virus nucleoprotein and H5 HA using competition ELISAs and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Serologically, 222 (44.4%) and 42 (8.4%) sera were positive for influenza A virus NP and H5 antibodies, respectively. Sera reacted to H5N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 strains by HI suggesting exposure of the Nigerian domestic pig population to these viruses. We report for the first time in Nigeria, exposure of domestic pigs to H5N1 virus. This poses potential public health and pandemic risk due to interspecies transmission of avian and human influenza viruses.

Supporting text Virus Host Location

Animals 1948 Antibodies, Viral 212 Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests 15 Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus 180 Immune Sera 9 Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype 74 Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype 300 Influenza in Birds 341 Nigeria 19 Nucleoproteins 7 Orthomyxoviridae Infections 228 Poultry 112 Prevalence 62 Sus scrofa 30 Swine 258 Swine Diseases 153 hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus 26

Evidence records

4 total

Zoonotic Surveillance

4 records · 2 evidence types

Evidence type Viral Detection

1 records

OVE2943 Viral Detection

Key finding

H5N1 influenza virus RNA was detected in tracheal swabs from domestic pigs in Nigeria by RT‑qPCR and confirmed by partial HA sequencing.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

Analysis of 129 tracheal swab specimens collected from apparently healthy pigs at slaughterhouse during presence of HPAI virus H5N1 in poultry in Nigeria for influenza A by RT‑qPCR yielded 43 positive samples. Twenty‑two could be determined by clade specific RT‑qPCR as belonging to the H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1c and confirmed by partial hemagglutinin (HA) sequence analysis.

Method: RT‑qPCR | clade‑specific RT‑qPCR | partial hemagglutinin (HA) sequence analysis
Sample type: tracheal swab specimens
Geographic raw: Nigeria
Country inferred: NGA

Evidence type Serological Evidence

3 records

OVE2944 Serological Evidence

Key finding

Serological screening detected antibodies to H5N1 avian influenza virus in Nigerian domestic pigs, indicating exposure.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

Serologically, 42 (8.4%) sera were positive for influenza A virus H5 antibodies. Sera reacted to H5N1 strains by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) suggesting exposure of the Nigerian domestic pig population to these viruses.

Method: competition ELISA | hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test
Sample type: swine sera

OVE2945 Serological Evidence

Key finding

Antibodies to A/H1N1pdm09 influenza virus were detected in Nigerian domestic pigs, showing evidence of exposure.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

Sera reacted to H5N1 and A/H1N1pdm09 strains by HI suggesting exposure of the Nigerian domestic pig population to these viruses.

Method: hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test
Sample type: swine sera

OVE2946 Serological Evidence

Key finding

Serological assays found 222 of 500 pig sera positive for influenza A virus nucleoprotein antibodies, indicating prior exposure to influenza A viruses in Nigerian pigs.

Virus

Host

Location

Supporting text

222 (44.4%) sera were positive for influenza A virus NP antibodies.

Method: competition ELISA
Sample type: swine sera

References

46 references

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Evidence overview

Evidence 4

Categories 1

Types 2

Virus 3

Host 1

Country 1

Host context

Natural host 4

Evidence categories

Linked entities

Viruses

Hosts

domestic pig Sus scrofa domesticus

Locations

Publication metadata

Journal: Scientific reports
Volume / Issue / Pages: 8 / 1 / 5900
ISSN: 2045-2322
Journal country: England
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24371-6