One Health Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in People and Animals on Multiple Mink Farms in Utah.

Caitlin M Cossaboom1 Natalie M Wendling1 Nathaniel M Lewis2,3 Hannah Rettler2 Robert R Harvey4 Brian R Amman1 Jonathan S Towner1 Jessica R Spengler1 Robert Erickson5 Cindy Burnett2 Erin L Young6 Kelly Oakeson6 Ann Carpenter1 Markus H Kainulainen1 Payel Chatterjee1 Mike Flint1 Anna Uehara7 Yan Li7 Jing Zhang7 Anna Kelleher7 Brian Lynch7 Adam C Retchless7 Suxiang Tong7 Ausaf Ahmad1 Paige Bunkley1 Claire Godino1 Owen Herzegh1 Jan Drobeniuc8 Jane Rooney9 Dean Taylor5 Casey Barton Behravesh1
Affiliations 9 institutions
  1. National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
  2. Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, USA.
  3. Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
  5. Utah Department of Agriculture and Food, Salt Lake City, UT 84129, USA.
  6. Utah Public Health Laboratory, Utah Department of Health and Human Services, Salt Lake City, UT 84129, USA.
  7. National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
  8. CDC National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
  9. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.

Abstract

From July−November 2020, mink (Neogale vison) on 12 Utah farms experienced an increase in mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted epidemiologic investigations on six farms to identify the source of virus introduction, track cross-species transmission, and assess viral evolution. Interviews were conducted and specimens were collected from persons living or working on participating farms and from multiple animal species. Swabs and sera were tested by SARS-CoV-2 real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and serological assays, respectively. Whole genome sequencing was attempted for specimens with cycle threshold values <30. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected by rRT-PCR or serology in ≥1 person, farmed mink, dog, and/or feral cat on each farm. Sequence analysis showed high similarity between mink and human sequences on corresponding farms. On farms sampled at multiple time points, mink tested rRT-PCR positive up to 16 weeks post-onset of increased mortality. Workers likely introduced SARS-CoV-2 to mink, and mink transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to other animal species; mink-to-human transmission was not identified. Our findings provide critical evidence to support interventions to prevent and manage SARS-CoV-2 in people and animals on mink farms and emphasizes the importance of a One Health approach to address emerging zoonoses.

Supporting text Virus Host Location
animals 1951 coronavirus 195 COVID-19 467 mink 58 Neogale vison 3 One Health 98 SARS-CoV-2 550 zoonotic transmission 23 COVID-19 425 One Health 14 Animals 1948 Cats 120 Dogs 176 Farms 30 Humans 1440 Mink 48 SARS-CoV-2 453 Utah 4

Evidence records

5 total
Zoonotic Surveillance
1 records · 1 evidence types
Evidence type
1 records
OVE6668
Key finding

SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antibodies were detected in persons, farmed mink, dogs, and feral cats on Utah mink farms by rRT-PCR or serology.

Virus
Host
Location
Supporting text

From July−November 2020, mink (Neogale vison) on 12 Utah farms experienced an increase in mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected by rRT-PCR or serology in ≥1 person, farmed mink, dog, and/or feral cat on each farm.

Method
rRT-PCR | serology
Sample type
swabs | sera
Geographic raw
Utah
Country inferred
USA
Transmission Evidence
3 records · 2 evidence types
Evidence type
1 records
OVE6672
Key finding

Epidemiologic investigations were conducted on six Utah mink farms during the July–November 2020 SARS-CoV-2 outbreak to identify virus sources and cross-species transmission.

Virus
Host
Location
Supporting text

From July−November 2020, mink (Neogale vison) on 12 Utah farms experienced an increase in mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. We conducted epidemiologic investigations on six farms to identify the source of virus introduction, track cross-species transmission, and assess viral evolution.

Method
epidemiologic investigation | interviews | specimen collection | rRT-PCR | serological assays | whole genome sequencing
Transmission direction
human-to-animal
Geographic raw
Utah
Country inferred
USA
Outbreak setting
mink farms
Outbreak time
July−November 2020
Outbreak scale
12 farms experienced increased mortality; epidemiologic investigations conducted on six farms
Evidence type
2 records
OVE6670
Key finding

Workers introduced SARS-CoV-2 to mink on Utah farms, indicating a human-to-animal spillover event.

Virus
Host
Location
Supporting text

Workers likely introduced SARS-CoV-2 to mink, and mink transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to other animal species; mink-to-human transmission was not identified. From July−November 2020, mink (Neogale vison) on 12 Utah farms experienced an increase in mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Method
rRT-PCR | serological assays | whole genome sequencing | interviews
Study design
epidemiologic investigation of farm outbreaks
Transmission direction
human-to-animal
Geographic raw
Utah
OVE6669
Key finding

SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted from mink to other animal species on Utah mink farms.

Virus
Host
Location
Supporting text

From July−November 2020, mink (Neogale vison) on 12 Utah farms experienced an increase in mortality rates due to confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Workers likely introduced SARS-CoV-2 to mink, and mink transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to other animal species; mink-to-human transmission was not identified.

Method
rRT-PCR | serological assays | whole genome sequencing
Study design
field and epidemiologic investigation on mink farms
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Geographic raw
Utah
Genomic Evolution
1 records · 1 evidence types
Evidence type
1 records
OVE6671
Key finding

Whole genome sequence analysis showed high genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 from mink and from humans on the same Utah farms, indicating close phylogenetic relatedness.

Virus
Host
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Sequence analysis showed high similarity between mink and human sequences on corresponding farms.

Genes or proteins
whole genome
Analysis methods
sequence analysis