OmniVira

Literature detail

Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus.

Amie J Eisfeld1 Asim Biswas1 Lizheng Guan1 Chunyang Gu1 Tadashi Maemura1 Sanja Trifkovic1 Tong Wang1 Lavanya Babujee1 Randall Dahn1 Peter J Halfmann1 Tera Barnhardt2 Gabriele Neumann1 Yasuo Suzuki3 Alexis Thompson4 Amy K Swinford5 Kiril M Dimitrov5 Keith Poulsen6 Yoshihiro Kawaoka7,8,9,10
Affiliations 10 institutions
  1. Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
  2. Heritage Vet Partners, Johnson, KS, USA.
  3. Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
  4. Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Canyon, TX, USA.
  5. Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA.
  6. Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
  7. Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA. [email protected].
  8. Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected].
  9. The University of Tokyo Pandemic Preparedness, Infection and Advanced Research Center (UTOPIA), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected].
  10. The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. [email protected].
PMID 38977017 2024 Nature eng ppublish
PubMed DOI Browse context

Article

Publication summary

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (HPAI H5N1) viruses occasionally infect, but typically do not transmit, in mammals. In the spring of 2024, an unprecedented outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in bovine herds occurred in the USA, with virus spread within and between herds, infections in poultry and cats, and spillover into humans, collectively indicating an increased public health risk<sup>1-4</sup>. Here we characterize an HPAI H5N1 virus isolated from infected cow milk in mice and ferrets. Like other HPAI H5N1 viruses, the bovine H5N1 virus spread systemically, including to the mammary glands of both species, however, this tropism was also observed for an older HPAI H5N1 virus isolate. Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus bound to sialic acids expressed in human upper airways and inefficiently transmitted to exposed ferrets (one of four exposed ferrets seroconverted without virus detection). Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus thus possesses features that may facilitate infection and transmission in mammals.

Cattle Diseases Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virulence Animals Cattle Female Ferrets Humans Influenza, Human Laryngeal Masks Mammary Glands, Animal Mice Mice, Inbred BALB C Milk Seroconversion Sialic Acids United States

Structured evidence records

Evidence records

7 total
Cross Species Transmission 2 records
Cross Species Transmission Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

HPAI H5N1 virus transmitted across species during the 2024 outbreak, infecting cattle and spreading further to poultry and cats.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
United States United States
Supporting text

In the spring of 2024, an unprecedented outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in bovine herds occurred in the USA, with virus spread within and between herds, infections in poultry and cats, and spillover into humans.

Study design
outbreak investigation
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Geographic raw
USA
Country inferred
United States
Cross Species Transmission Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Bovine H5N1 virus infecting cats demonstrates cross-species transmission from cattle to another mammalian species during the outbreak.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
United States United States
Supporting text

In the spring of 2024, an unprecedented outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in bovine herds occurred in the USA, with virus spread within and between herds, infections in poultry and cats, and spillover into humans.

Study design
outbreak investigation
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Geographic raw
USA
Country inferred
United States
Host Range Experiment 2 records
Host Range Experiment Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

Bovine H5N1 influenza virus replicated systemically in mice and ferrets, infecting mammary glands, and showed inefficient transmission between ferrets.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Here we characterize an HPAI H5N1 virus isolated from infected cow milk in mice and ferrets. Like other HPAI H5N1 viruses, the bovine H5N1 virus spread systemically, including to the mammary glands of both species... Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus bound to sialic acids expressed in human upper airways and inefficiently transmitted to exposed ferrets (one of four exposed ferrets seroconverted without virus detection).

Method
experimental infection
Sample type
mammary glands
Experimental system
in vivo animal experiment
Host Range Experiment Extraction confidence 0.90
Key finding

Bovine H5N1 influenza virus replicated systemically in ferrets, reached mammary glands, bound to human airway-type sialic acids, and transmitted inefficiently between ferrets.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Here we characterize an HPAI H5N1 virus isolated from infected cow milk in mice and ferrets. Like other HPAI H5N1 viruses, the bovine H5N1 virus spread systemically, including to the mammary glands of both species... Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus bound to sialic acids expressed in human upper airways and inefficiently transmitted to exposed ferrets (one of four exposed ferrets seroconverted without virus detection).

Method
experimental infection; transmission assay
Sample type
mammary glands
Experimental system
in vivo animal experiment
Receptor Usage 1 records
Receptor Usage Extraction confidence 0.85
Key finding

Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus shows receptor binding to sialic acids present in human upper airway tissue.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Bovine HPAI H5N1 virus bound to sialic acids expressed in human upper airways and inefficiently transmitted to exposed ferrets.

Receptors
sialic acids
Serological Evidence 1 records
Serological Evidence Extraction confidence 0.80
Key finding

One of four exposed ferrets developed detectable antibodies (seroconverted) following exposure to bovine H5N1 influenza virus, despite no virus detection.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

The abstract states that 'one of four exposed ferrets seroconverted without virus detection', demonstrating that serological evidence of infection occurred in ferrets after exposure to the bovine H5N1 virus.

Sample type
serum
Spillover Event 1 records
Spillover Event Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus spilled over from infected cattle to humans during the 2024 outbreak in the USA.

Virus
IAV H5N1
Location
United States United States
Supporting text

In the spring of 2024, an unprecedented outbreak of HPAI H5N1 in bovine herds occurred in the USA, with virus spread within and between herds, infections in poultry and cats, and spillover into humans.

Study design
outbreak investigation
Transmission direction
animal-to-human
Geographic raw
USA
Country inferred
United States