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One Health Surveillance Highlights Circulation of Viruses with Zoonotic Potential in Bats, Pigs, and Humans in Viet Nam.

Alice Latinne1,2 Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga1 Nguyen Van Long1 Pham Thi Bich Ngoc1 Hoang Bich Thuy1 Predict Consortium Nguyen Van Long3 Pham Thanh Long3 Nguyen Thanh Phuong4 Le Tin Vinh Quang4 Nguyen Tung3 Vu Sinh Nam5 Vu Trong Duoc5 Nguyen Duc Thinh5 Randal Schoepp6 Keersten Ricks6 Ken Inui7 Pawin Padungtod7 Christine K Johnson8 Jonna A K Mazet8 Chris Walzer2,9 Sarah H Olson2 Amanda E Fine1,2
Affiliations 9 institutions
  1. Wildlife Conservation Society, Viet Nam Country Program, Hanoi 11111, Viet Nam.
  2. Wildlife Conservation Society, Health Program, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.
  3. Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of Viet Nam, Hanoi 11519, Viet Nam.
  4. Regional Animal Health Office No. 6, Ho Chi Minh City 72106, Viet Nam.
  5. National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Hanoi 11611, Viet Nam.
  6. Diagnostic Systems Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
  7. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Country Office for Viet Nam, Hanoi 11112, Viet Nam.
  8. One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
  9. Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
PMID 36992498 2023 Viruses eng epublish
PubMed DOI Browse context

Article

Publication summary

A One Health cross-sectoral surveillance approach was implemented to screen biological samples from bats, pigs, and humans at high-risk interfaces for zoonotic viral spillover for five viral families with zoonotic potential in Viet Nam. Over 1600 animal and human samples from bat guano harvesting sites, natural bat roosts, and pig farming operations were tested for coronaviruses (CoVs), paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses, filoviruses and flaviviruses using consensus PCR assays. Human samples were also tested using immunoassays to detect antibodies against eight virus groups. Significant viral diversity, including CoVs closely related to ancestors of pig pathogens, was detected in bats roosting at the human-animal interfaces, illustrating the high risk for CoV spillover from bats to pigs in Viet Nam, where pig density is very high. Season and reproductive period were significantly associated with the detection of bat CoVs, with site-specific effects. Phylogeographic analysis indicated localized viral transmission among pig farms. Our limited human sampling did not detect any known zoonotic bat viruses in human communities living close to the bat cave and harvesting bat guano, but our serological assays showed possible previous exposure to Marburg virus-like (Filoviridae), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like (Bunyaviridae) viruses and flaviviruses. Targeted and coordinated One Health surveillance helped uncover this viral pathogen emergence hotspot.

bats coronavirus influenza livestock One Health paramyxovirus pigs spillover surveillance zoonoses Chiroptera Coronavirus Coronavirus Infections Filoviridae One Health Animals Humans Phylogeny

Structured evidence records

Evidence records

9 total
Serological Evidence 3 records
Serological Evidence Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Serological assays on human samples detected antibodies suggestive of previous exposure to Marburg virus-like, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like, and flaviviruses in Viet Nam.

Virus
MARV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Our limited human sampling did not detect any known zoonotic bat viruses in human communities living close to the bat cave and harvesting bat guano, but our serological assays showed possible previous exposure to Marburg virus-like (Filoviridae), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like (Bunyaviridae) viruses and flaviviruses.

Method
immunoassay
Sample type
serum
Serological Evidence Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Serological assays on human samples detected antibodies suggestive of previous exposure to Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like (Bunyaviridae) in Viet Nam.

Virus
CCHFV
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Our limited human sampling did not detect any known zoonotic bat viruses in human communities living close to the bat cave and harvesting bat guano, but our serological assays showed possible previous exposure to Marburg virus-like (Filoviridae), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like (Bunyaviridae) viruses and flaviviruses.

Method
immunoassay
Sample type
serum
Serological Evidence Extraction confidence 0.95
Key finding

Serological assays on human samples detected antibodies suggestive of previous exposure to flaviviruses in Viet Nam.

Virus
Flaviviridae
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Our limited human sampling did not detect any known zoonotic bat viruses in human communities living close to the bat cave and harvesting bat guano, but our serological assays showed possible previous exposure to Marburg virus-like (Filoviridae), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like (Bunyaviridae) viruses and flaviviruses.

Method
immunoassay
Sample type
serum
Zoonotic Surveillance 3 records
Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 1.00
Key finding

Surveillance of bats in Viet Nam detected significant viral diversity, including coronaviruses closely related to ancestors of pig pathogens, indicating active circulation at human-animal interfaces.

Host
Chiroptera
Location
Vietnam Vietnam
Supporting text

Over 1600 animal and human samples from bat guano harvesting sites, natural bat roosts, and pig farming operations were tested for coronaviruses (CoVs), paramyxoviruses, influenza viruses, filoviruses and flaviviruses using consensus PCR assays.

Method
consensus PCR assays
Sample type
bat guano; biological samples
Geographic raw
Viet Nam
Country inferred
Vietnam
Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 1.00
Key finding

Surveillance of pigs in Viet Nam revealed localized transmission of viruses among pig farms.

Virus
Not specified
Host
Sus scrofa
Location
Vietnam Vietnam
Supporting text

Phylogeographic analysis indicated localized viral transmission among pig farms.

Method
phylogeographic analysis
Sample type
biological samples
Geographic raw
Viet Nam
Country inferred
Vietnam
Zoonotic Surveillance Extraction confidence 1.00
Key finding

Human surveillance in Viet Nam identified serological evidence of possible previous exposure to Marburg virus-like, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus-like, and flaviviruses.

Location
Vietnam Vietnam
Supporting text

Human samples were also tested using immunoassays to detect antibodies against eight virus groups.

Method
immunoassays; serological assays
Sample type
human samples
Geographic raw
Viet Nam
Country inferred
Vietnam
Cross Species Transmission 2 records
Cross Species Transmission Extraction confidence 0.70
Key finding

Coronaviruses in bats showed close genetic relationships to porcine pathogen ancestors, suggesting potential animal-to-animal transmission between bats and pigs in Viet Nam.

Location
Vietnam Vietnam
Supporting text

Significant viral diversity, including CoVs closely related to ancestors of pig pathogens, was detected in bats roosting at the human-animal interfaces, illustrating the high risk for CoV spillover from bats to pigs in Viet Nam.

Method
consensus PCR assays; phylogeographic analysis
Study design
field surveillance
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Geographic raw
Viet Nam
Country inferred
Vietnam
Cross Species Transmission Extraction confidence 0.70
Key finding

Localized viral transmission occurred among pig farms in Viet Nam, indicating pig-to-pig spread across distinct sites.

Virus
Not specified
Location
Vietnam Vietnam
Supporting text

Phylogeographic analysis indicated localized viral transmission among pig farms.

Method
phylogeographic analysis
Study design
phylogeographic analysis
Transmission direction
animal-to-animal
Geographic raw
Viet Nam
Country inferred
Vietnam
Genomic Evolution 1 records
Genomic Evolution Extraction confidence 0.80
Key finding

Coronaviruses detected in bats were genomically related to ancestral pig pathogens, and phylogeographic analysis showed localized evolutionary transmission among pig farms in Viet Nam.

Host
Chiroptera
Location
Not specified
Supporting text

Significant viral diversity, including CoVs closely related to ancestors of pig pathogens, was detected in bats roosting at the human-animal interfaces... Phylogeographic analysis indicated localized viral transmission among pig farms.

Analysis methods
phylogeographic analysis; genomic comparison